GENERAL CHEMISTRY explained in 19 Minutes

Everything is made of atoms. Chemistry is the study of how they interact, and is known to be confusing, difficult, complicated...let's learn General Chemistry in under 20 Minutes.

This is not ALL of Chemistry, as fields like "Organic Chemistry" deserve videos of their own. But, this is the foundation, or "General Chemistry", which contains most concepts you need to know to understand other topics and fields of Chemistry.

This is a summary and revision of around 4 years of Chemistry you learn in school, with maybe some university level concepts sprinkled in the mix.
This video is a good summary for preparing for exams and finals. Maybe. Perhaps.

Now go learn all of Chemistry. And share this with your friends who suck at Chemistry

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
00:16 Valence Electrons
00:34 Periodic Table
01:24 Isotopes
01:34 Ions
01:47 How to read the Periodic Table
02:09 Molecules & Compounds
02:27 Molecular Formula & Isomers
02:53 Lewis-Dot-Structures
03:03 Why atoms bond
03:26 Covalent Bonds
03:37 Electronegativity
03:54 Ionic Bonds & Salts
04:25 Metallic Bonds
04:59 Polarity
05:37 Intermolecular Forces
05:51 Hydrogen Bonds
06:00 Van der Waals Forces
06:20 Solubility
06:46 Surfactants
07:00 Forces ranked by Strength
07:07 States of Matter
07:28 Temperature & Entropy
07:49 Melting Points
08:01 Plasma & Emission Spectrum
08:35 Mixtures
09:24 Types of Chemical Reactions
09:45 Stoichiometry & Balancing Equations
10:16 The Mole
10:46 Physical vs Chemical Change
11:05 Activation Energy & Catalysts
11:24 Reaction Energy & Enthalpy
11:42 Gibbs Free Energy
12:50 Chemical Equilibriums
13:15 Acid-Base Chemistry
13:41 Acidity, Basicity, pH & pOH
14:43 Neutralisation Reactions
14:56 Redox Reactions
15:18 Oxidation Numbers
16:01 Quantum Chemistry

[wacky.science]

CORRECTION 1: at, 10:36 it should say: 1 mol = 6.022 * 10^23 (not 10^-23)!

CORRECTION 2: 04:20 Generally, salts are formed when acids and bases neutralize. Metals and Nonmetals forming a salt is one possible option, not the general rule.

Thanks to the attentive commenters for pointing it out!

For people asking about Organic Chemistry…I decided not to include it in this video, as the topic is way too big and deserves a video of its own.

…soon, perhaps

[bluetube]

2 types of teaching:

1. 17th centuries style
2. This guy

[lukaskannegieer]

This dude just explained 2 years of chemistry classes in 19 minutes, FOR FREE

[consuelovalk]

Not me watching this video hoping to pass a chemistry exam that I didn't study for

[queenmanu]

Bro revised my highschool chemistry in 19 minutes ☠️

[one-iron]

Doing my PhD in chemistry... while watching this video the last 10 years of studying came to mind in time-lapse

[Nighthawkinlight]

Agh. This gave me such horrible flashbacks. I love chemistry, but the schoolish presentation of concepts without practical application gives me a knot of anxiety in my stomach even now. This is an excellent video, honestly, but I wish we taught chemistry differently. Get people in love the practical application of it, and *then* learn the otherwise intangible concepts as doing so becomes necessary to further the application.

[Mr.OM_.]

dude explained chemistry in 19 min more than my teacher could in 2 years

[en]

I would listen to multiple episodes of this guy explaining things. Please make more chemistry ones.

[VrayCat]

Let's simplify and explore these Chemistry terms ⚛️🧪⚗️:

1. **Isomers/Allotropes:**
- Imagine you have a bunch of Legos, and you can rearrange them to make different shapes.
(Allotropes are DIFFERENT FORMS of the same element,
while Isomers are like molecules REARRANGED to form different structures)

For example, Diamonds 💎 and Graphite 🪨 are Allotropes (DIFFERENT FORM) of Carbon, where Diamonds are like tightly packed Legos, while Graphite is like layers of Legos stacked on top of each other in different molecular structures called Isomers (REARRANGED).

2. **Polarized/Non-Polarized Covalent:**
-Think of sharing a pizza with a friend. 🍕
-If you both agree ✅ on the same toppings, it's like NON-POLARIZED Covalent Bonding, where Electrons are shared EQUALLY⚡️⚛️🟰.
-However, if you both want different toppings and have to compromise ❌, it's like POLARIZED Covalent Bonding, where Electrons are shared UNEQUALLY ⚡️⚛️🤪.

3. **Electronegativity:**
- Picture a tug-of-war game, where players compete to pull a rope towards them. 🪢
Electronegativity is like how STRONGLY an atom PULLS electrons towards itself in a chemical bond 💪⚡️⚛️.
Elements with high electronegativity are like strong players in the game, pulling the electrons closer to them.

4. **Redox Reaction:**
- Imagine playing with a toy car and a battery. When you connect the car to the battery 🏎️🔋, the car moves forward 🏎️💨, but the battery loses energy 🪫.

-This exchange of energy 🔀 is called the Redox Reaction, where one substance loses Electrons ➖⚡️⚛️ (Oxidation) and another gains Electrons ➕⚡️⚛️ (Reduction).

5. **Oxidant and Reductant:**
- Picture a game of tug-of-war between two teams. 👬🪢👭

The team that pulls the rope towards them is like the OXIDANT, gaining electrons ➕⚡️⚛️,
while the team that let’s go of the rope is like the REDUCTANT, losing electrons ➖⚡️⚛️.

-Together, they balance each other out in a Redox Reaction ⚖️.

6. **IMFs and Van Der Waals Force:**
- Imagine trying to stack books on a wobbly table. 📚🫨
The force that keeps the books together 💪 despite the wobbling 🫨 is like Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) or Van der Waals forces.
They're Weak Attractions between molecules that help hold them together, like magnets pulling them closer 🧲.

7. **Surfactants:**
- Picture washing dishes with soap. The soap molecules surround grease and dirt., allowing water to wash them away. 🧼🫧
Surfactants are like the soap molecules, with one end attracted to Water 💦 and the other end attracted to Grease 🛢️, helping to remove dirt and oil from surfaces.

8. **Colloid:**
- Think of stirring milk in a glass. Even after STIRRING, the milk doesn't fully mix with the water. 🥛❌💧This suspension of tiny particles in a liquid is like a Colloid, where small particles are dispersed but NOT fully dissolved, giving the mixture unique properties.

9. **Stoichiometry:**
- Imagine following a recipe 📋 to bake cookies, where you need a specific ratio of ingredients to make the perfect batch 🍪.
Stoichiometry is like following a recipe in chemistry 🧪, where you calculate the quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction to ensure everything balances out ⚖️.

10. **Enthalpy:**
- Picture adding sugar to coffee and feeling the warmth spread throughout the drink 🥵☕️.

-Enthalpy is like the TOTAL HEAT CONTENT of a system, including both internal energy and pressure-volume work 📏🔥.
It measures the energy exchanged during a chemical or physical process, like adding sugar to coffee and feeling the change in temperature 🌡️.

11. **Exergonic and Endergonic:**
-Imagine a roller coaster ride, where some parts go downhill (Exergonic) and RELEASE energy. 🎢⬇️🏔️ 🔥💥
While other parts go uphill (Endergonic) and REQUIRE energy input. 🎢⬆️🏔️ 🔋

-Exergonic reactions are like the DOWNHILL parts ⬇️🏔️, where energy is released Spontaneously 🔥💥.

-while Endergonic reactions are like the UPHILL parts ⬆️🏔️, requiring an external energy source to proceed 🔋.

-It helps determine whether a reaction is Spontaneous or Non-Spontaneous under specific conditions, like whether a Roller Coaster can make it up a Mountain 🎢🏔️ without any additional energy.

12. **Conjugate and Amphoteric Base:**
- Imagine playing with a seesaw, where one side goes up ⬆️ when the other side goes down ⬇️.

-A Conjugate base is like the side that goes up when the acid loses a proton ❌💡
while an Amphoteric base is like the seesaw itself, capable of both accepting and donating protons ✅💡depending on the conditions.

13. **Delocalized:**
- Think of a group of friends holding hands in a circle, moving around freely. 👫
Delocalized Electrons are like these friends, SPREAD OUT over a large area instead of being confined to one place 🕺 💃 👯‍♀️
They're free to move and participate in chemical reactions.

14. **Orbitals, Electron Configuration, Aufbau Principle:**
- Imagine building a tower with blocks, starting from the bottom and stacking them upwards. 🧱🏢

-Electron configuration is like arranging electrons ⚡️⚛️ in specific energy levels (Orbitals) around an atom, following the Aufbau principle.

-Orbitals are like the spaces where Electrons are likely to be found around an Atom ⚡️⚛️🧐
while the Aufbau principle is like building the tower 🏗️, filling Orbitals with Electrons from the lowest energy level 🪫 to the highest 🔋


15. **Partial Charge and Dipoles:**
-Think of a game where two friends play tug-of-war with a rope. If one friend is stronger 💪, they pull the rope 🪢 towards them ➡️⬅️, creating a Partial Charge.

-A Dipole is like this unequal sharing of the rope, where one end becomes slightly positive ➕ and the other slightly negative ➖.

-It’s important because it helps molecules interact ⚛️🤝⚛️ with each other, influencing their behavior in chemical reactions and interactions 🧪⚗️.

16. **Plasma:**
-Imagine a group of excited dancers at a party 🥳💃🕺, moving energetically and freely. Plasma is like this highly energetic state of matter, where Atoms ⚛️ have been STRIPPED of their Electrons ⚡️⚛️, creating a mixture of positively charged ions and free electrons.

-It’s important because it’s the most abundant state of matter in the universe 🌌 and has applications in technologies like plasma TVs and fusion reactors.

17. **Solvent and Solute:**
-Picture making lemonade by mixing lemon juice 🍋🥤 (Solute) with water 💦 (Solvent).
The water 💦 dissolves the lemon juice 🍋🥤, creating a solution. Solvent is like the “big boss” that does the dissolving 😎, while Solute is like the “guest” that gets dissolved 👔.

-To differentiate, remember that Solvent is usually present in larger quantities and DOES the dissolving, while Solute is the substance BEING dissolved.

18. **Conjugate and Amphoteric Base:**
- Imagine playing with a seesaw, where one side goes up ⬆️ when the other side goes down ⬇️.

-A Conjugate base is like the side that goes up when the acid loses a proton ❌💡
while an Amphoteric base is like the seesaw itself, capable of both accepting and donating protons ✅💡depending on the conditions.

(MORE IN THE COMMENTS 👀）

[Anaoa_Official]

Perfect timing! I have exams of chemistry coming up

[LekshmiRR-been]

People with ADHD be thanking you rn. 🗿🗿

[metebaskan]

This man just educated me whole highschool chemistry. Nice work and thanks!

[killermantiss]

I'm a chemical technician by profession and you explained everything perfectly and in a way that's easy to understand, good job!

[VrayCat]

In Particle Physics ⚛️, "Spin" is a fundamental property of Elementary Particles, like Electrons⚡️⚛️ and Quarks 🔴🔵🟢. Now, imagine you're playing with a spinning top. When the top spins, it has a property called "ANGULAR MOMENTUM" which makes it rotate around an axis 😵‍💫.
In particle physics, "Spin" is a bit like that, but it's NOT QUITE the same as physical rotational spinning ❌😵‍💫.

1. **Physical Rotational Spinning:** When you spin a top or a ball 🏈, it physically rotates around an axis. You can SEE IT spinning 👀😵‍💫, and it has a MEASURABLE RATE of rotation. It's like watching a fan blade spin around.

2. **"Spin" in Particle Physics:** Now, let's talk about "Spin" in the particle physics world 😵‍💫⚛️. Imagine you have a tiny ball 🏈, SO TINY you can't even see it 🫥. This "Spin" property ISN’T ABOUT the ball ❌🏈 physically rotating like a spinning top.
Instead, it's a FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY of the particle, kind of like an invisible tag 🫥🏷️ that says how "spinny" the particle is.

Think of it like this: Imagine you're playing a game of "spin the bottle, " but INSTEAD of a physical bottle spinning around ❌🍾, it's like each player has a HIDDEN TAG 🫥🏷️ that tells you how much "Spin" they have. You CAN’T see the tag ❌👀, but it tells you something important about how the game works.

So, in Particle Physics, "Spin" 😵‍💫⚛️ ISN’T ABOUT physical rotation like a spinning top ❌🏈. It's a fundamental property of particles ⚛️ that INFLUENCES how they INTERACT 🤝 with each other and with other forces in the universe 🌌.

(One tip is to think of Physical Spinning like something you can SEE 👀 and FEEL 🤚, like a spinning top or a fan blade.

"Spin" in Particle Physics 😵‍💫⚛️ is more like an invisible property, a hidden tag 🫥🏷️ that particles have that tells you how much “Spin” they have.
“Spin” 😵‍💫⚛️ is also a FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY of particles that influences how they interact 🤝 with other particles ⚛️ and forces 💪 in the universe 🌌, kind of like a secret superpower!)

[mithateligur]

This video is just too good. normally i woulnt do and comments for any kinda video but this is just spectacular. Keep on with what you do, you show some good quality person vibes

[elma]

When we needed him the most, he returned 🛐

Also please do all of biology too. As a science student this trilogy will save my life

[yokoplayinggames]

You explained everything faster, while keeping me entertained and keeping it basic while also explaining it in a complicated way. You literally did a better job than three of my chemistry teachers throughout 6 YEARS could.

[mrsotakinha]

As a chemistry lover and a high school student, I'm impressed of how it did flow so smooth between the subjects. Love it

[LeZylox]

I've never had the honour to learn this in school because of our classist education system, thank for bringing education to the interested underprivileged! :)