The Surprising Origin of All the Elements in the Universe?

Background videos:

Chapters:
0:00 - Periodic table
2:21 - Where did the original lightest atoms come from?
6:05 - What atoms are produced in the core of the sun?
7:15 - Where do heavier elements come from?
8:29 - Where do elements heavier than iron come from?
10:46 - How the sun produces elements heavier than iron
12:13 - How the heaviest elements are produced by neutron star fusion

Summary:
The universe, shortly after the big bang only consisted of the lightest elements, Hydrogen, Helium Lithium, and some isotopes. But today we have elements on earth as heavy as Californium, element 98 on the periodic table. Where did all these elements on earth come from?

The nuclei of the lightest elements first came from the first minutes of the big bang, when nucleosynthesis occurred. After 380,000 years, the universe cooled down enough to produce neutral stars.

Later as hydrogen gas condensed into the first stars, the universe came out of the dark ages, as these stars began to shine. Stars shine thanks to a process called fusion. In the first stars this happened when hydrogen atoms combined to form helium atoms in the core of stars, where temperatures and pressures are high enough to initiate fusion. This process releases heat and light.

The process happens something like this: You start with 4 hydrogens atoms. You can fuse the two pairs of hydrogen atoms into two deuterium atoms, as two protons can transmute into Neutrons. Then you can borrow two more protons to make two helium-3 atoms. These can then fuse to make a helium-4 atom and two free protons. Energy is also released in this process.

You can continue this fusion process to make heavier and heavier atoms. But stars like our sun can continue this fusion process up until elements like carbon, or nitrogen because they don't can't produce the temperatures and pressure for further fusion.

But large stars can produce elements up to iron. Iron has the largest nuclear binding energy or all elements - it has the most stable nucleus. So, the fusion process stops at iron, and the bigger stars also die.

Where do the heaviest elements larger than iron come from? When a very massive star dies, they explode in a supernova. Elements beyond iron are not usually produced in the core of stars, but are formed in this explosion. The extreme temperatures in a supernova can reach billions of degrees. This drives additional nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron, yielding elements all the way to Zirconium, element 40.

Where do element beyond Zirconium come from? Although the sun doesn’t produce elements much heavier than Nitrogen, it CONTAINS heavier elements even up top iron because these were present in the original gases that formed it. When free neutrons merge with heavy elements, they produce an even heavier isotope of the element. Then over time, due to the weak force, some of the neutrons transmute into protons inside the nucleus creating heavier elements. This way, Iron turns into Cobalt, then Nickel, and so forth, all the way to bismuth, element 83.

Heavier elements than this can be produced when the core of a supernovae, called neutron stars merge. When two neutron stars merge, they can free up a lot of neutrons which can get absorbed by heavy atoms. And over time these heavier elements become even heavier as some of the neutrons transmute into protons. This can produce elements all the way to plutonium, element 94.

Elements heavier than Plutonium only have very unstable isotopes. So, we find them typically only around radioactive sources., in very minute amounts as elements like uranium absorbs neutrons. These neutrons transmute to produce isotopes of heavier elements.

The remaining 20 heaviest elements from 99 to 118 on the periodic table are man made. They do not occur naturally and are highly unstable lasting sometimes only fractions of a second.

Three elements - boron, beryllium, and some lithium are not produced by any of these mechanisms, but from fission due to cosmic rays. 98% of the visible matter in the universe is made of only Hydrogen and Helium. The remaining 96 natural elements make up only 2% of the remaining. Most of the atoms in our bodies and on earth, like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are part of this tiny 2%.

#nucleosynthesis
#periodictable

[Name-jsuq]

Arvin is incredibly unselfish with his knowledge. We all are so lucky to be able to have this opertunity. Each video Is a gift to each and every one of us. I would like to personally thank you from the bottom of my heart, sending you much love and appreciation from a loyal subscriber.

[Fumas]

My school years have been decades ago. I wish I had teachers like him to explain these topics maybe I would have had more interest in science as a kid. Doing a lot of catching up now

[balazsadorjani]

The rarest element on Earth is Arvinium, made by fusing together large pieces of knowledge. It's radiating away wisdom, and it's detectable on youtube.
My favorite element, for sure ❤

[mrararatovich]

In my opinion this one is hands down the most valuable video in your catalog.

[jacquelinephillips]

Complex things explained in a simple, easy to understand manner, spot on!!

[slickmashable]

Many documentaries satisfy the “ what is happening ” but getting someone to at least attempt to answer the deepest “Why it’s happening” is great.
thank you

[coder_gogeta]

Fun Fact : Uranium nucleus's is energetically more stable than Nitrogen's nucleus
But it is easier for heavier element to go under nuclear fission ( it has a smaller activation energy/energy barrier) while for lighter elements is difficult to go under nuclear fusion ( it has a very large activation energy/energy barrier).

[tomschmidt]

Interesting, I had not realized there were so many different ways to form elements heavier then iron.

[prajwalkowndinya]

I am personally very much Greateful to you Arvin. Like, I'm in India and I'm a science aspirant who's in 12th standard who was searching for such a channel which would cover all the enthusiastic topics in science
🔬🚀 I'm glad I found your channel and gain knowledge📚. Really really appreciate your work sir. Thank you❤

[IndranilBiswas_]

Wow this is the BEST video on nucleosynthesis on YT. Arvin accounted for every nucleus!! The 4 heavier elements after Pu and Li, Be and B - everything!! The level of detail in this video is mindblowing. Moral of the story - sufficiently energectic protons and neutrons can do ANYTHING 😂😂

[Sohodollie]

The whole idea of non-natural elements is so cool! Like, a lot of times I feel like we are just little blips of order living in a universe that wasn't made for us.

But the fact that we can make actual elements that actually exist that have never ever existed before (that we know of) is super cool.

[StevenRud]

As usual, Arvin is a true master in explaining complex matters! Superb video! So glad to have this channel on my list!

[TheDizzleHawke]

I’m so happy I stumbled across this channel! You provide a valuable service as a science communicator.

[nit-patidar]

This channel thrusts my curiosity at its peak 😃 thanks arvin

[BarbarianMonk]

This has grown to become one of my favorite science youtube channels. Thanks for all the great content!

[juandavidgilwiedman]

Very well explained. Congrats on the art and the script

[blindmoonbeaver]

It looks like weak force holds very key importance in formation of these heavy atoms.
I do have one question:
Why does the isolated neutrons get captured by these heavy atoms? I assume that these atoms are in stable state so there must not be any reason for them to capture these neutrons. Is there any mechanism behind this phenomenon?

On the side note I really appreciate your work. The way you explains these complex topics in layman terms is astounding. I am glad I was able to witness the growth of this channel from under 50k to now 583k subs. Hopefully you'll reach the 1 million milestone quickly.

[GregFurtman]

Great video! I taught astronomy for several years at the 2 - year level. I wish I had videos of this quality back then. They would have been so useful to help my students understand how everything came to be.

[besniknuli]

Can you do an episode about probability of “island of stability” thank you for making very comprehensive and awesome videos

[ok-eunq]

if I had access to these videos when I was a kid in school I may have decided to go to college for this stuff, so interesting and fun to learn