Peptic ulcer and it's treatment.

A peptic ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine.

Ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract.
Common causes include the bacteria H. Pylori and anti-inflammatory pain relievers including aspirin.

Peptic – ulcer disease is thought to result from an imbalance between cell – destructive effects of hydrochloric acid and pepsin and cell-protective effects of mucus and bicarbonate on the other side. Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme activated in gastric acid, also can digest the stomach wall.
A bacterium, Helicobacter pylori is now accepted to be involved in the pathogenesis of ulcers.

In gastroesophageal reflux, acidic stomach contents enter into the esophagus causing a burning sensation in the region of the heart; hence the common name heartburn, or other names such as indigestion, dyspepsia, pyrosis, etc.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by a tumor of gastrin secreting cells of the pancreas characterized by excessive secretion of gastrin that stimulates gastric acid secretion.

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Acknowledgment:
1. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi.
2. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics by Goodman and Gilman.
3. Pharmacology by Rang and Dales.
4. Pixbay