History of Every ANCIENT Empire, i guess...

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The Ancient Middle East: Every Year (Ollie Bye)
The History of the Achaemenid Empire: Every Year (EmperorTigerstar)
The History of Ethiopia (Ollie Bye)
The History of China : Every Year (Khey Pard)
The History of the World: Every Year (Ollie Bye)
History of Korea: Every Year (Minh Hoa Do)
The History of the Diadochi: Every Year (EmperorTigerstar)

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I do posts on Mesoamerican history and archeology, so i want to give some background on what was going on there during the periods you cover, and what possible empires might have been there, , since there's definitely some contenders you miss. Mesoamerican Precolumbian chronology is generally split into 6 periods: The Paleo-Indian/Lithic and Archaic are prehistorical periods which cover initial human habitation to the development of agriculture, sedentarism, Neolithic style tools, etc. The Preclassic, or Formative period, which usually is considered to start around 2000BC, is when you see "civilization": the rise of urbanism, monumental architecture, writing, class systems, etc.

San Lorenzo is widely considered as the first city or something approaching that in the region, developing into a complex center around 1400BC. It's an Olmec site, the Olmec in turn being widely considered to be Mesoamerica's first major civilization and a "mother culture" later ones developed out of, but the view has been increasingly challenged as of late. Admittedly, the granular specifics in the shift in consensus escape me a bit, but as I understand it, a lot what was previously considered to be signs of Olmec conquest or direct political influence over sites across Mesoamerica such as in Central Mexico and Oaxaca are now considered to not actually be signs of direct political influence, but rather the spread and exchange of Olmec style goods as an art style, due to it being in-vogue among Mesoamerican elites.

In turn, stuff like city building and kingship was likely simultaneous developing, it's just the Olmec culture (whose direct spread as a culture was likely limited to the "Olmec Heartland" around the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in what's now southern Veracruz and Tabasco, though certainly trade and potentially diplomacy meant they had contact and indirect influences elsewhere, as I mentioned with Olmec style art found farther out) had some of the most notable and earlier sites and their style is what became popular. I think there's some especially recent research suggesting some of what we consider to be "Olmec" was also being driven by Mayas, and Aguada Fenix is an example of a Maya site with a giant ceremonial compound during the Olmec period, but I can't really clarify on that much.

Were the Olmec an "Empire"? Well, as you say, defining that can be difficult, and Mesoamerica especially is a challenge here because directly managed, unified imperial states where a capital city actually directly adminsteres and controls all of the cities and towns it has dominion over are just rare in general: Even the Aztec Empire which controlled something like 1/5th to 1/4th of all of Mesoamerica and had ~500 subject or vassal states didn't really do that much. I don't think there's really any sort of consensus as far as if sites like San Lorenzo or La Venta had influence over all the surronding Olmec centers, or if there were competing city-states or kingdoms, but even if there was a a singular primate city in the Olmec Heartland all the others toed the line to, it'd guess it's unlikely they directly governed all the other cities and towns or even appointed governors... but if you define "Empire" that strictly, then Mesoamerica will have NO empires aside from 1-2 examples.

There's also the matter of if the Olmec or Maya etc sites in this 1400-800BC period even were "states", or just chiefdoms. There's a paper called "Primary State Formation in Mesoamerica" which argues that, by the definition it uses for what counts as a bureaucratic state with 4 tiers of administrative complexity, those early Olmec and Maya centers don't make the cut, and the first state in Mesoamerica would have been at Monte Alban, a major Zapotec city in Oaxaca, which achieves that status around 500BC, right around your date cutoff. Monte Alban also, as far as I know, IS largerly considered to have centered most of Zapotec politics around itself: It was actually THE major Zapotec political center for over 1000 years, only declining around 600-700AD.

Was Monte Alban Is it a "Zapotec Empire"? Again, hard to say. I know that there's evidence it did actually meddle in the demographic and economic activity of other Zapotec cities and towns it had influence over and may have appointed officials or founded colonies (Oaxaca isn't my area and i'm typing this up off the top of my head, so forgive the ambiguity), unlike say the Aztec who mostly just collected taxes and did political marriages but otherwise left subjects alone to self manage almost entirely, so I do think you could argue it meets the definition, though I'd wager that many states and cities it had influence over still retained their own political identity and has some indepedence, and there were probably some other city-states it was enemies with and didn't have control over in the area.

I don't think there's any notable contenders in West Mexico at the time: The Capacha culture was an Olmec contemprary that did create an influential ceramic style, but we don't really see West Mexico develop big urban states till well into the Classic or arguably even Postclassic period, but West Mexico is also super understudied so who knows. Central Mexico probably had some cities and certainly many towns and villages, some of which probably met the "state" definition I mention, but the main contender I can think of, Cuicuilco which was a city in the Valley of Mexico (later the home of Teotihuacan, the Aztec Political core, etc), really only got sizable AFAIK right after the end of your date cutoff, and it would have only had control over maybe a dozen other population centers: Is that an empire?.

The Maya probably had stuff comparable to Monte Alban as of 500BC: El Mirador was a big Maya city and would have had influence over maya others between 300-100BC, and recent research has shown that pretty large/complex centers were a thing even earlier in the Preclassic period, as I alluded to before, but off the top of my head I can't name any specific sites, and while there were written scripts in Mesoamerica from 900BC to 500BC, with Olmec, Zapotec, and Maya writing, the Olmec and Zapotec examples are undeciphered, and I think we just know Maya writing existed around then, but actual surviving writing samples/inscriptions only come up a few centuries later, and are mostly just dates rather then large political records like we see in the Classic period.

So yeah: I'd have mentioned the Olmec here as potential contender like the Maya (and I'd have clarified more on what the Maya were doing), and i'd have outright proposed Monte Alban as a probable "Empire", at least within your loose definition.

Moving away from Mesoamerica, while it's not my area of expertise, to speak about the Andes: It's my understanding that while monumental centers in the Andes date back to as early as ~3000BC with Caral etc, that those were more ceremonial sites then cities: They didn't have a large permanent population, but a small amount of resident priests and then were visited at certain times of year by other groups. Apparently this changes at 500BC when Chavin de Huantar, one such ceremonial site belonging to the Chavin culture, picks up a permanent group of class specialists and it kicks off Andean urbanism proper. But apparently, large scale empires and kingdoms still aren't a thing till the early/mid 1st millenium AD, where you have Moche sites which were city-states or something close to it, and the kingdom of Tiwanku or and the Wari/Huari Empire (which is repeatedly stressed as an EMPIRE, in the strict imperial sense).

Lastly Poverty Point would have been a thing in the Southeast US, but it's definitely not an Empire, though later Moundbuilder cultures should probably at least be mentioned in future videos even if their qualifications as full states rather then chiefdoms is debated. Again, though, not my area!

MajoraZ
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1:30 For those who want to know, that pharaoh was Pepi II, who ruled from 2278 BC to 2184 BC, meaning, if it is true, he ruled 94 years, making him the longest reigning monarch in all of history!

rubenrubio
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Only true Possible History fans know this is a repost

GigaRoman
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Scenario Idea: What if the Bohemians won the battle of Marchfeld?

JustAnotherGuy-vxpo
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I was thinking a dive into medieval empires would be cool - as far as I know, it isn't something explored very much on your channel, so I'd certainly be interested to see you cover that time era.

Great vid as always :)

bnw
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"France has to many revolution"

China : "sure, sure, I agree, just don't look at me"

SimpleA
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I especially love how you used the ± symbol before the dates instead of the tilda ~, which means approximately instead of literally "plus or minus 550BC" for instance. I mean, that includes the roman kingdom, republic, and the start of the empire. That's impressive.

chemputer
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Scenario Idea: What if the Treaty of Perpetual Peace between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanian Empire was kept?

JustAnotherGuy-vxpo
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YouTube is sure to be a fan of the Mauryan symbol. It definitely won't get the video demonetized.

gabingston
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What happened to the Cholas and Pandya empires from south India? They are among the longest lasting empires in the world with recorded history of 1500+ years. They were a crucial part of the maritime silk trade.

Srinathrkz
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Thank you for this new version! Amazing job!

alxa
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Would love to see a What if everything went perfect for Norway scenario (please)

floor
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This was so good really looking forward to the followups thank you bye bye

hoagie
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I think the heat map would be better if you did time under controll of an empire rather then amount of empires. Many Roman territories for example now looks to be just as long lived/importand as some of the nomadic empires who only lasted a few decades.

risingphoenix
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Wow, this is a really epic video idea

eyoshi
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8:15 alright! I'll do it! But only because ur very nice and ur voice is kind to my ears uwu

kalli
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As a pakistani, in my mother language pashto, we have always reffered to china as qin or chin. I dont know if that pronunciation stuck around from that long ago or if it reverted back to qin from some other pronunciation of it. But really cool.

liberatorg
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20:24 So let me Explain,

The last Emperor of Mauryan Empire was Brihidatha Maurya. Before we need to get to the 3rd Emperor or Chandragupta’s Grandson Ashoka.

Ashoka was one of the ~100 princes of his father. Out of the all, he was the most cruelest one. Whenever there were rebellions in other provinces of the empire, Ashoka used to crush them in the most brutal and bloody way. That’s how he took throne overthrowing and killing all of his brothers. If you could see there is a Kingdom called Kalinga on the east coast which was the only Kingdom which didn’t fall under Mauryan Empire, Ashoka went to war with them for few reasons and Ashoka was broken with amount of Violence and lives which were taken in the war. So he became Non-Violent and made his Empire peaceful and preached Buddhism outside India for the first time.

This is where things go bad. See, India’s greatest empire was built on the foundations of Chanakya’s Principles. Chanakya was one of the ~2000 Aacharyas (Professors) of the oldest university known to man-kind Takshashila University (Greek: Taxila). He was widely known as author of Arthashastra which is a combined text of different subjects like (Geo)-Politics, Warcraft, Economics, Administration, Civic Rules, Philosophy, History etc. One day, the Corrupt and lazy Nanda King insulted Chanakya and Chanakya in return vowed to annihilate his dynasty and replace him with a better Person. In Pataliputra (capital of Magadh) Chanakya found the child Chandragupta Maurya who was role playing as a King in a game with his friends and Chanakya observed it and was impressed so he took the child with him to Takshashila for training.

The entire Mauryan Empire was made on Chanakya’s Principles and Ashoka broke this principles by adopting peaceful policies. Kshatriya Dharma (King’s duties) says that one King should rule the Kingdom with one of his hands and other hand should hold his weapon. The Peaceful policies led to Rebellions of the Empire’s Provinces soon after Ashoka died. And a new threat was emerging - The Yavanas.

The Yavanas were Indo-Greeks who settled in North-West region near Punjab. By the time of the last Emperor Brihidatha Maurya, Magadh was surrounded by enemies in all sides. Yavanas to the West and Satavahanas in the South. Yavanas, one day launched invasion against the Magadh Empire and captured few parts of Ganga region including Mathura (which was a cultural hub then). This was the first time when Magadh Kingdom under occupation by enemies (leaving Chandragupta) and the Yavanas wanted to fulfill their King Alexander’s dream to conquer India (Magadh was the Central point).

So, all the fate of the Empire lied on the hands of Army of the Magadh Empire. Pushyamitra Shunga was the General of the Army and he rebuilt the army which was weakened and became indisciplined by Ashoka’s Peaceful Policies. Mauryan Empire was ~300, 000 strong army with 10, 000s of Chariots and Elephant and 1, 000, 000 (Million) forces in reserve under Chandragupta Maurya, but now the Army has just few 10, 000s soldiers.

Senapati (General) Pushyamitra Shunga started taking action against the invasion and beheaded few 100s Greeks and Buddhist Monks who were helping the Greeks. This angered the Mauryan Emperor who was just as peaceful as Ashoka. Now, this frustrated everyone including the Council, People and the Army. Pushyamitra Shunga was actually loyal to the King but the people feared the capturing of Pataliputra (the capital) very soon, so everyone made a plan and killed the last the Mauryan Emperor Brihidatha. Thus, Pushyamitra Shunga became the King of Magadh with no resistance and full support from all sides. He went on to crush the invasion and reoccupy back many territories.

Few people say Pushyamitra Shunga was a Brahmin so he went on against Buddhist Mauryan King and killed Buddhist people which is utterly false and proven as false by Historians (including leftists). Shunga did actually kill few highly influential Buddhist Monks who supported the enemies of Magadh Empire, because the Monks were unhappy with the Mauryan King. In fact, there are sources which tell Shunga built few Buddhist stupas and continued the tradition of funding Buddhism. The text which quotes this incident is Ashokavadana which was written by some foreign Monk, few 100 years after Shunga Dynasty. Many Historians quote this text as historically false, this text also quotes that Ashoka killed many Jains which again as no evidence.

P.S:- Even I used to believe Pushyamitra Shunga was actually a traitor who finished the Greatest Empire of India. But, I read by myself and understood Mauryans were responsible for their own decline. The Mauryan Empire was built on the Principles of Chanakya and declined when they left out their Founding Guru’s Principles and teachings.
And also, the Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) were very much Greek at that time, it took them at least ~300 years to completely mix with the Indian Culture. So, they were very much foreign during the invasion.

Edit:- There is a story of Chanakya that when he was born, he had teeth and the Astrologer said that if his teeth remains he would become a big King but if it’s removed he would become a Great Guru. His parents of course removed his teeth and he went to become a Great Guru who is still influential in India. Even his Warcraft and Philosophy is taught in the U.S Army and there is a video of that in YouTube.

ashrithrao
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China is a country consisting of dozens of different races. There are many Mongolian and Turkish tribes among them. They assimilated over time. But Turkish, Mongolian and Chinese may be from similar lineages. Turks gave great importance to their people. They first introduced the concept of social state in 800 BC and brought it to this day. The Turkish Land Forces was established in 209 BC during the reign of METE HAN.

hk
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24:50 "WHAT ABOUT ME? POMPEY!"
*Julius Caesar proceeds to kick his ass*
Then some dude in Egypt cuts his head off

lucianapalmisano