Flow net deflection at the junction of two soil masses

Chapter 64 - Flow net deflection at the junction of two soil masses

Sometimes it becomes a necessity to use two different soils to make a soil structure. By two different soils, we mean they have different properties like different permeability, different void ratio, different unit weights etc.

In such cases the permeability of the soil changes suddenly along the flow paths and the flow lines and equipotential lines of the flow net get deflected at the junction point of the two soil masses. Consequently, our flow net gets modified.

The phenomenon of deflection of the flow lines is somewhat similar to the refraction of light rays. We know that when light enters from the rare medium to a dense medium it gets deflected towards the normal. Similarly flow lines get deflected towards the normal if the flow is from rare medium to dense medium that means when flow is from highly permeable medium to less permeable medium.
While when water flows from low permeable medium to high permeability medium it gets deflected away from the normal.

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Is there any method to find air permeability of muck pile of rock fragments?

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