Running Apple 1 software on a breadboard computer (Wozmon)

0:00 Apple 1
2:06 Changes to make it work
3:13 What does Wozmon do?
6:35 Doing I/O
8:36 Running programs
10:44 Writing assembly programs
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Special thanks to these supporters for making this video possible:
Adrien Friggeri, Aleksey Smolenchuk, Amit Bueno, An Dương, Anthony Weems, anula, Ben, Ben Cochran, Ben Williams, Bill Cooksey, Bill Watkins, Binh Tran, Богдан Федоров, Bradley Stach, Brian Haug, Burt Humburg, Carl Fooks, Carsten Schwender, Chai, Chris Anders, Chris Lajoie, Chris Sachs, criis, Cristi Cobzarenco, Daniel Pink, Daniel Tang, Daniel Zimmer, Dave Walter, David Clark, David Cox, David Dawkins, David House, David Klassen, David Sastre Medina, David Turner, Dean Bevan, Dean Winger, Deep Kalra, Dennis Henderson, Dennis Schubert, Dilip Gowda, Dirk Sperling, Dmitry Guyvoronsky, Dustin Campbell, Dzevad Trumic, Emilio Mendoza, Eric Dynowski, Erik Broeders, Erik Granlund, Ethan Sifferman, Eugene Bulkin, Evan Serrano, Evan Thayer, Eveli László, EvinSaysMarxWasRight!, Florian Bürgi, fxshlein, George Miroshnykov, ghostdunk, GusGold, Hailey, Hovis Biddle, Ingo Eble, Jacob Ford, James Beldock, James Capuder, Jared Dziedzic, Jason Bowen, Jason DeStefano, Jason Grim, Jason Thorpe, JavaXP, Jaxon Ketterman, jemmons, Jeremy Cole, Jesse Miller, Jim Kelly, Jim Knowler, Joe Beda, Joe Pregracke, Joe Rork, Joel, Joey Murphy, John Hamberger jn., John Henning, John Meade, Jon Dugan, Jonn Miller, Joseph Portaro, Justin Graziani, Kai Wells, Kefen, Ken Paul, Kennard Smith, Kenneth Christensen, Kyle Kellogg, Lambda GPU Workstations, László Bácsi, Lithou, Lukasz Pacholik, Marcos Fujisawa, Marcus Classon, Mariano Uvalle, Mark Day, Martin Noble, Mats Fredriksson, Matthew Clifford, melvin2001, Michael Koreshkov, MICHAEL SLASS, Michael Tedder, Michael Timbrook, Michael Weitman, Miguel Ríos, mikebad, Mikel Lindsaar, Miles Macchiaroli, Muqeet Mujahid, NacOJerk, Nate Welch, Nicholas Counts, Nicholas Moresco, Nick Chapman, Oli Homer, Olivier HUBER, Örn Arnarson, Paul Heller, Paul Pluzhnikov, Pete Dietl, Phil Dennis, Philip Hofstetter, ProgrammerDor, Ralph Irons, Randal Masutani, Randy True, raoulvp, real_huitz, ReJ aka Renaldas Zioma, Ric King, Rick Hennigan, Rob Bruno, Robert Diaz, Robert Evans, Robert Keown, Robey Pointer, Roland Munsil, Sagnik Bhattacharya, Sam Sturgis, Scott Gorlick, Scott Holmes, Sean Bright, Sean Patrick O’Brien, Sergey Kruk, Shane Mulcahy, SonOfSofaman, Spencer Ruport, Stefan Nesinger, Stephen Kovalcik, Stephen Riley, Steve Jones, TheWebMachine, Thomas Eriksen, Tim Oriol, Tim Sanders, Tim Walkowski, Tim Wheeler, Tom, Tom Smith, Tyler Latham, Usseod, Vincent Bernat, Warren Miller, Wim Coekaerts, Yee Lam Wan

[IceMetalPunk]

8 years ago, you explained how semiconductors work from a physics perspective. From there, you've incrementally built up one step at a time, and now you've reached the point where you're literally remaking the very first Apple computer from 1976. And you haven't skipped a single step or building block going all the way back to "this is how semiconductors work". My friend, you are amazing and deserve an award for computer science education. Here's to the next 8 years, at which point you'll likely have reached the point of explaining how Alienware computers can be optimized and improved for resale 😜

[eDAiPIE]

Ben's ability to incrementally build to a satisfying and impressive result over a series of methodical steps, each of which are satisfying on their own, is a marvel.

This 6502 project is starting to feel like when the 8-bit breadboard computer proje t wrapped up with a discussion of Turing Machines and the philosophy of computers. Reflecting back upon how each of these projects started makes these final results feel important and enlightening.

Thank you, Ben, for crafting educational and entertaining content that satisfies on so many levels.

[ThBeowulf]

One of the reasons I picked up your kit for the 8-bit breadboard computer is precisely for things like this. In college, we mostly dealt with the Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller/processor and I recall having a blast making a "Realtime clock" that displayed the time and date on a 16x2 LCD with a similar 256 byte limit. I remember staying up late before that project was due, cramming "set buttons" for the clock in addition to the required serial initialization.

This is exactly the kind of "is this thing working?" code I've been looking for to jump in to the 8-bit computer again.

Thank you Ben!

[RussellBeattie]

In my opinion, Woz's "annus mirabilis" from March 1975 to April 1977 when at just 26yo, he designed, implemented and launched the hardware, kernel, sound and color output as well as a BASIC interpreter for the Apple I and II is one of history's greatest technological achievements. It was a tour de force of talent which is astounding to this day.

[generessler]

We had Woz as a guest speaker for our electrical engineering and computer science department's undergrad projects day awards dinner. Must have been early 2000's. (I was a professor back in the day.) A genuinely nice guy and proud geek. He talked in detail about the joy of cramming functionality into min cost hardware. A great night for the old nerds like me. I'm not sure the juniors and seniors he was talking to got the full context, but we had fun anyway.

[BtaraDev]

I love it when they just put the entire code for the device right in the manual

[SonOfSofaman]

This takes me back. I had an Apple ][+ and spent a great deal of time writing code in machine language. Floating point BASIC was just too slow for some purposes, afterall. Your demonstration of controlling the LED reminded me of making the built-in speaker go "tick" by reading (or writing) the I/O address to which it was mapped. I learned a lot by tinkering on that computer, but there were some gaps in my knowledge. These videos -- and the computer kits -- have filled in many of those gaps.

Thank you Ben for the stroll down memory lane, and for all the knowledge you've shared with us.

[vicroc]

So nice to see Wozniak getting some of the recognition he deserves. It's truly alarming how even Apple themselves seems to have forgotten how essential he was to the success of the company.

[skibbyau]

I’m starting to think you aren’t just haphazardly making breadboard computers, but actually have a bit of a plan.

[mattshnoop]

I cannot overstate my amazement at how well you've put this whole thing together. It's hard to say something that hasn't been said already in these comments; it all lines up perfectly, but there was never a hint that you'd take it this far. You could have mapped your ROM to the lower half of the address space, but using the upper half lets you use Wozmon with less modification. You set up a serial interface, which lets you copy-paste into the 6502 computer. You've demonstrated that we are standing on the shoulders of giants as we use our computers and smartphones today. You keep me constantly reminded why I chose computers as my field of study. Thank you for this amazing series, Ben!

[ChristopherHailey]

It's really cool seeing someone tweaking Woz code to work on a different board. This really lets you see how microprocessors work, especially in the homebrew world. The Apple I came out when I was first learning to program so it's especially fun for me to see this kind of thing. Wow.

[octane]

Man... I really take for granted how simple and intuitive modern electronics are. Imagine if computers were still like this - machine code only.

[wagnerdenker]

Watching this in 2024, still amazed with the quality of work and passion you are putting in your videos! Thank you Ben!

[oneeyestudios]

Thanks Ben, what a great start to a Saturday!

[avramitra]

I'm eternally grateful to these two channels: Ben Eater and Phill's Lab.

[doBobro]

The moment of realization you can copy paste monitor commands over serial input was a truly inspiring. It opens immense possibilities.

[LunaticEdit]

Thanks for keeping the 6502 alive! I'm currently working on a 6502 based fantasy console that hugs close to the 1980s specs, trying to toe the line between period accuracy, and being convenient enough for modern devs to want to tinker with it. I think if we loose the knowledge of these old systems we'll loose the ability to create efficient and optimized programs. CPUs are insanely powerful compared to the 1980/1990s chips, yet computers aren't that much apparently faster to the user, due to how absolutely inefficient modern applications tend to be. Keep pumping out awesome videos, it lives on my second monitor to keep me sane while coding!

[RamiGB]

Your deep understanding of what you are doing and confidence are beautiful. Thank you for the amazing videos keep them coming. you rock sir. I am happy I am subscribed.

[Atlas_Enderium]

As an EE still in school and wanting to enter the field of computer hardware design, your channel has truly become a treasure trove of knowledge. You built this 6502 computer from the ground up while incrementally explaining the history, theory, and design behind it. Truly spectacular work

[charstringetje]

As a kid, when I finally got a Final Cartridge III for my C64, I used the monitor to copy the Kernal ROM to memory and changed the READY prompt to my first name (also 5 bytes) and run it from memory.