Quantum 101 Episode 10: The Quantum Future

Quantum physics was first developed just over a century ago when physicists discovered some of the most baffling eccentricities of the subatomic world.

Those early experiments led to a beautiful, if counterintuitive, mathematical description of particle physics that has allowed us to make incredible leaps in technology and in our understanding of the universe.

In our Quantum 101 series, we've given you just a glimpse of that mind blowing world where waves can be particles and vice versa, energy is quantized, particles can be in two places at once, and uncertainty reigns.

But the story of the quantum universe isn't finished yet. Here at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics and at research institutions around the world, physicists are exploring new ideas and searching for answers to all the new questions that quantum physics brings.

Follow Perimeter:

[WingZeroSymphonics]

Ahh, it saddens me that this enjoyable series has come to an end 😢. It was nice having Ms. Katie Mack take us along a journey through critical junctures of scientific endeavors while meeting some of the brave, brilliant and friendly people on the horizon of scientific discovery.😮🎉😊

[vanikaghajanyan]

4:40 In fact, the observer's self-esteem in QM is underestimated to the level of the infamous ostrich.
The observer is always involved in an unavoidable measurement process.
It seems that there have never been any problems with QM already within the framework of GR (for example, in the case of the Schrodinger/Carroll cat).
A live cat breathes and, accordingly, emits gravitational waves according to the formula GR with intensity: I(G)=(2G/45c^5)(M^2)(l^4)(w^6), where M is the mass of the cat, l is its characteristic size, w is its frequency breathing.The frequency of gravitational radiation should be on the order of w~ 2π/т where т is the characteristic time of accelerated mass movement (pulsation, rotation, collision, non-spherical explosion).It is clear that the dead cat is not breathing and I(G) =0*. In principle, all this lends itself to a certain (improbability) constant measurement without opening the "black box", since gravity is not shielded [w=w(m)]. Moreover, the behavior of the radiation source is also controlled, since it emits only in an excited state. **
Of course, Carroll's sleeping cat breathes, but differently (can be measured) than the waking one.***
Sweet dreams to you QM, on the interpretation of the Born wave function.
P.S. Why didn't Einstein use this argument? He wasn't sure about the reality of gravitational waves and assumed only the presence of hidden parameters…

*) - By the way, a "smile" without a cat can be detected according to Einstein's equations. Raising one of the indices, substituting I=k and summing, we find: R=-(8πG/c^4)T, where T=T(n) is the trace of the energy-momentum tensor (~ "gravitational memory.").
**) - If the cat is replaced with a detector, then with each absorption its state will change (which makes measurement possible). It is clear that this will also cause additional radiation of gravitational waves, since the included detector is already a source.
***) - The formula can be given in the following form for a photon: I(G)={[w/w(pl)]^2}ħw^2.
Of course, this approach is also applicable to the case of entangled particles.
"When physicists offer metaphysical explanations for physical phenomena, I start swearing." (Raymond Tallis).
Frame of reference in GR: "In the general case of an arbitrary variable gravitational field, the metric of space is not only non-euclidean but also changed with time. This means that the relationships between different geometric distances change over time. As a result, the relative position of the "test particles" introduced into the field in any coordinate system can not remain unchanged." ( Landau-Lifshitz, II).
It turns out that since the Big Bang, all the particles in the universe speak, hear and listen to each other in the language of gravity (= irreducible spontaneous measurement).

Addition.
The main misconception in the interpretations of quantum mechanics is that the equally probable nature of phenomena implies their equivalence.* Moreover, not only at 50/50, but also at 99/1. However, equality and equivalence are completely different things, even if they are causally related; for example, all inertial reference systems are equal in SR or QM, but far from equivalent. Obviously, if a dead or a living cat, the spin of entangled photons up or down, pairs of socks or letters marked + or - in different parts of the world are equal, then they are not physically equivalent; and also, branched universes. When an tails falls out after a coin toss, then they talk about the collapse of the wave function, when tails and heads are just equal, but not the same even not only for numismatists.That is, these are physical parameters of different physical phenomena, and their representation by a single wave function according to Born is ridiculous.
For example, when energy E=mc^2, then mass m=E/c^2, since they are parameters of the same physical entity, and therefore equivalent.
For comparison: in GR, in a gravitational field or in an equally accelerated frame of reference, all events are not only equal, but equivalent, so Einstein criticized QM for not being as radical as RT.**
Moreover, RT is even more radical: "Two world points located at zero distance from each other do not necessarily coincide." (Pauli, RT, paragraph 7, Four-dimensional world). That is, even with a repeated loss of heads (or tails), both of these phenomena are not equivalent. Moral: a particle cannot even be in one state at the same time. Finally, we can say that the concept of "frame of reference" was self-sufficient, and the introduction to physics of the concept of "state" was an unsuccessful attempt to describe reality. "A good joke should not be repeated twice."(Einstein).***

*) - In logic, this is the basic law: the law of identity.
**) - For fans of the multiverse: the equivalent Universe can only be the accelerating Universe itself.
***) - It seems that the uncertainty principle is the result of a misunderstanding of probability/equivalence.
In the Heisenberg inequalities, the mathematical apparatus was formed before the interpretation of their physical essence. It is funny that these inequalities indicate that there are no exact values of coordinates and momentum vector in the states of microobjects at the same time; and thus exclude the equivalence of these parameters.

[haddadimohamed]

Best series on quantum mechanics ! amazing job !

[BobWescott]

Thank you for this series. It was great.

[nassermfouaponyoussouf]

Thank You Katie Mack, it was very inspiring series.

[juniorcyans]

So exciting! I want to do my PhD in quantum physics in the future!

[krissykonesky]

Thank you Katie for this series. I feel like it has met the gap in my understanding of quantum and I am so grateful for these basics.

[LOLCoolJ]

It's amazing what a little bit of camera movement can do.

[FundamentallyExplained]

Thank you so much for these great videos 😊!

[vanikaghajanyan]

3:25
Maybe GR was QG…
“The geometry of space in general relativity theory turned out to be another field, therefore the geometry of space in GR is almost the same as the gravitational field.” (Smolin).
However apparently, the gravitational field is space-time in the Planck system: F(G)/F(e)=Gm(pl)^2/e^2=1/α, that is, gravity~strong interaction*.
This assumption follows from the Schwarzschild solution: the gravitational radius (or Schwarzschild radius) is a characteristic radius defined for any physical body with mass: r(G)=2GM/c^2
Consequently: with indicating the mutual quantization of the mass (energy) and space-time: m(0)//m(pl)=r(G)/2r(pl)=n, where n-total number of quanta of the system; the tension vector flux: n=[(1/4π)(Gћc)^-½]gS ( const for all orbits of the system: n=0, 1, 2, 3....).
Moreover, the parameter r(0)=r(G)-r(pl)=(2n-1)r(pl), defining the interval of the formation of the system, at n=0, when r=r(G)=0 (for example, the state of the "universe" before the Big Bang) turns out to be a quite definite quantity: r(0)=-r(pl).
In the area [(-rpl) - 0 - (+rpl)] there is an implementation of external forces, "distance": (-rpl)+(+rpl)=0 (≠2rpl).
On the Kruskal diagram of the hyperbole r=0 corresponds to the true Schwarzschild feature, the features V and VI are not even covered by the global (R, T)- space-time and correspond to the "absolute" vacuum; then the singular areas above and below the hyperbolas r=0 can be formally treated as the energy source (external forces).
That is, the frightening "true singularity" is actually a superconducting heterotrophic "window" between the proto-universe (the source) and physical bodies**.
P.S.
As a fundamental theory, GR has the ability with just one parameter: r(G)/r=k to predict, explain new physical effects, and amend already known ones.
Photon frequency shift in gravitational field Δw/w(0)=k; the angle of deflection of a photon from a rectilinear propagation path =2k, the Newtonian orbit of the planet shifts forward in its plane: during one revolution, a certain point of the orbit is shifted by an angle =3πk, for a circular orbit (eccentricity е=0); in the case of an elliptical orbit - for example, for perihelion displacement, the last expression must be divided by (1-e^2).

*) - GR predicts a new physical effect: w/w(pl)=k; expression for gravitational radiation from a test body.
This is amenable to physical examination in laboratory conditions at present.
**) - From this, generally, from Einstein's equations, where the constant c^4/G=F(pl), one can obtain a quantum expression (as vibration field) for the gravitational potential: ф(G)=(-1/2)[Għ/с]^½ (w)=-[h/4πm(pl)]w.
Final formula:ф(G)=-[w/w(pl)]c^2/2, where ф(G) - is Newtonian gravitational potential, r(n')=nλ/π=(n+n')2r(pl)l , the corresponding orbital radius, w - the frequency of the quanta of the gravitational field (space-time); - obviously, the quanta of the field are themselves quantized: λ=(1+n'/n)λ(pl) = 2πc/w, where n'/n - system gravity unpacking ratio, n'- the orbit number (n'=0, 1, 2, 3…).
Obviously, on the horizon [r=r(rG), n'=0] the "door" is closed, however, the quanta [λ=λ(pl)] can go out singly through the "keyhole" and form the first and all subsequent orbits (n'=1, 2, 3 ...) during the time t(0)=r/c=2nт, where т=1/w, т=((1+n'/n)т(pl), spending part of their energy on it each time. And it is this mechanism that provides the step-by-step formation of the gravitational field ( expansion of the space-time): of course, the quanta coming through the "window" are also rhythmically restored.
The phase velocity of evolution v'/π= r(pl)w/π; m(0)=(c/G)rv', where v'=v^2/c.
The angular momentum: L(p)=|pr|=n^2ћ [const for all orbits of the system; at n=1: L(p)=ћ] and moment of power: M(F)=dL(p)/dt(0)=nћw/2=-E(G)=E*, where t(0)=r/c, E*- energy of self-action.
According to GR / QG, gravitational field [E(G)=-E*] is characterized by a spontaneous flow: J*=(v'/π )(1/4π) g^2/G, where v'/π- phase velocity of field evolution.
Entropy (here: a measure of diversity/variety, not ugliness/disorder) of the system: S=πε(pl)r(t)=(n+n')k, where k is the Boltzmann constant. Obviously, on the horizon entropy=min and with fundamental irreversibility, information is preserved (+ evolves, accumulates).
Accordingly, m=m(pl)/(1+n'/n), where m=ħw/c^2, is the quantum of the full mass: M=n'm [<m(0)]. The parameter mλ ] covers the entire spectrum of particles.
Thus, m(0)=(n+n')m, where 2∆m=nm - mass defect; M/2∆m=n'/n: on the horizon m(0)=2∆m, M=0.
That is: ф(G)=-Gm(0)/r=-[G/2r(pl)]m.
Can be tested experimentally in the laboratory at the moment.
{The experimenter needs only two parameters; the mass (gram) of the body under study m(0) and the distance from its center (centimeter) r: so
the energy of the quanta of the field
ε(eV) ~1.83(m/r);
the radiation flux

For example:
A lead ball suspended on a strong chain from the ceiling of the laboratory can serve as a test body; at radius r=27, 6 cm, ball mass is m=1т.
The energy of quanta/photons of the field (photons are characterized by different parity and helicity, and it is not quite accurate to say that a photon has an integer spin equal to one) at a distance r from the center of the test body to the detector (practically on the surface of the ball) =66, 3 keV.
The flow: J*=4, 5•10^-9 quanta/сm^2sec; this is a measurable flux for modern world-class gamma detectors.}

[hochathanfire]

Looking forward to the full description of Quantum Time.

[quantumkath]

In this Quantum Age of Exploration, I can only get a glimpse into the incredible amount of information and experimentation. I kind of feel left out.

Thanks to Perimeter Institute for keeping us current, no matter how minimal.

[azmanfirdaus]

Great video... congratulations..! Salaam and love from all of us in Malaysia..

[harijagaharijaga]

Pls explain more about Quantum...
Because Quantum creates the Future and the things about quantum made us really enjoyable and thinkable. Exploring Quantum is very joy....
Pls start this series with

[MrPedalpaddle]

This has been an excellent series! Looking forward to the future. . . .

[pradnyeshjori]

I watched all episodes, Thanks for bringing this to us❤❤

[painandsuffer]

Nothing Defies the Laws of Physics, only Our Understand

[hwhw]

According to quantum theory, everything vibrates. When 2 electrons are close, they vibrate in unison. When you separate these electrons, this is where quantum entanglement begins. An invisible cord connects these 2 electrons. You can separate them by a galaxy. If you vibrate one electron, the other will also vibrate. The creation of huge numbers of entangled electrons send perfect messages. This affects the direction of time. There is no time in the 4th dimension. The direction between cause an effect will change. Entangled particles share information instantaneously. Faster than the speed of light. What one does, they all do. Here is where nothing is impossible. Retro causation. The future influences the past. Then the past sends information back to the future. Action before reaction. Retro causation allows future to past. This explains how to see the future and change the past.

[ywtcc]

It looks to me that the future of physics goes through networks.
First, neural networks can be used to analyze data, and separate signal from noise even more efficiently.
Second, there seems to be good reason to believe that the structure of space-time is that of a network of wormholes. Perhaps a simplified network representation of space time can provide the theoretical basis for unifying the space times of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.
Third, on the cosmological scale, the "cosmic web", appears to me to be another variety of network.
Finally, the physics community is yet another kind of network, that's functioning in different ways than before, on different time scales, allowing revolutionary ideas to catch hold faster.
Mathematically, a network is just about the most complex data structure there is. Which has its pros and cons. A network is definitely versatile enough to hold all the experimental data, and capture all the relationships between particles and particle interactions in a physical system, it's just that networks are also difficult to draw implications from, compared to number lines.
Having said that, our artificially intelligent companions have a different perspective on networks, and I strongly suspect they will find the format more to their liking.

[Ideas]

Subtitle is essential for better understanding of quantum Physics