filmov
tv
Origin of life | Wikipedia audio article
Показать описание
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:39 1 Early geophysical conditions on Earth
00:08:01 1.1 Earliest biological evidence for life
00:14:31 2 Conceptual history
00:14:41 2.1 Spontaneous generation
00:18:39 2.2 Etymology
00:21:13 2.3 Louis Pasteur and Charles Darwin
00:23:05 2.4 "Primordial soup" hypothesis
00:28:03 2.5 Proteinoid microspheres
00:30:18 3 Current models
00:35:43 4 Chemical origin of organic molecules
00:39:07 4.1 Chemical synthesis
00:45:55 4.2 Autocatalysis
00:49:12 4.3 Homochirality
00:51:35 5 Self-enclosement, reproduction, duplication and the RNA world
00:51:48 5.1 Protocells
00:54:51 5.2 RNA world
00:57:23 5.2.1 Viral origins
00:59:06 5.3 RNA synthesis and replication
01:03:00 5.4 Pre-RNA world
01:06:02 6 Origin of biological metabolism
01:07:16 6.1 Iron–sulfur world
01:12:05 6.2 Zn-world hypothesis
01:15:35 6.3 Deep sea vent hypothesis
01:21:03 6.4 Thermosynthesis
01:23:43 7 Other models
01:23:53 7.1 Clay hypothesis
01:25:39 7.2 Gold's "deep-hot biosphere" model
01:26:42 7.3 Panspermia
01:27:58 7.4 Extraterrestrial organic molecules
01:33:58 7.5 Lipid world
01:35:59 7.6 Polyphosphates
01:37:17 7.7 PAH world hypothesis
01:39:40 7.8 Radioactive beach hypothesis
01:41:25 7.9 Thermodynamic dissipation
01:47:02 7.10 Multiple genesis
01:48:20 7.11 Fluctuating hydrothermal pools on volcanic islands or proto-continents
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9007927076191292
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life, is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. While the details of this process are still unknown, the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but a gradual process of increasing complexity that involved molecular self-replication, self-assembly, autocatalysis, and the emergence of cell membranes. Although the occurrence of abiogenesis is uncontroversial among scientists, there is no single, generally accepted model for the origin of life, and this article presents several principles and hypotheses for how abiogenesis could have occurred.
Researchers study abiogenesis through a combination of molecular biology, paleontology, astrobiology, oceanography, biophysics, geochemistry and biochemistry, and aim to determine how pre-life chemical reactions gave rise to life. The study of abiogenesis can be geophysical, chemical, or biological, with more recent approaches attempting a synthesis of all three, as life arose under conditions that are strikingly different from those on Earth today. Life functions through the specialized chemistry of carbon and water and builds largely upon four key families of chemicals: lipids (fatty cell walls), carbohydrates (sugars, cellulose), amino acids (protein metabolism), and nucleic acids (self-replicating DNA and RNA). Any successful theory of abiogenesis must explain the origins and interactions of these classes of molecules. Many approaches to abiogenesis investigate how self-replicating molecules, or their components, came into existence. Researchers generally think that current life on Earth descends from an RNA world, although RNA-based life may not have been the first life to have existed.The classic 1952 Miller–Urey experiment and similar research demonstrated that most amino acids, the chemical constituents of the proteins used in all living organisms, can be synthesized from inorganic compounds under conditions intended to replicate those of the early Earth. Scientists have proposed various external sources of energy that may have triggered these reactions, including lightning and radiation. Other approaches ("metabolism-first" hypotheses) focus on understanding how catalysis in chemical systems on the early Earth might have provided the precursor molecules ...
00:04:39 1 Early geophysical conditions on Earth
00:08:01 1.1 Earliest biological evidence for life
00:14:31 2 Conceptual history
00:14:41 2.1 Spontaneous generation
00:18:39 2.2 Etymology
00:21:13 2.3 Louis Pasteur and Charles Darwin
00:23:05 2.4 "Primordial soup" hypothesis
00:28:03 2.5 Proteinoid microspheres
00:30:18 3 Current models
00:35:43 4 Chemical origin of organic molecules
00:39:07 4.1 Chemical synthesis
00:45:55 4.2 Autocatalysis
00:49:12 4.3 Homochirality
00:51:35 5 Self-enclosement, reproduction, duplication and the RNA world
00:51:48 5.1 Protocells
00:54:51 5.2 RNA world
00:57:23 5.2.1 Viral origins
00:59:06 5.3 RNA synthesis and replication
01:03:00 5.4 Pre-RNA world
01:06:02 6 Origin of biological metabolism
01:07:16 6.1 Iron–sulfur world
01:12:05 6.2 Zn-world hypothesis
01:15:35 6.3 Deep sea vent hypothesis
01:21:03 6.4 Thermosynthesis
01:23:43 7 Other models
01:23:53 7.1 Clay hypothesis
01:25:39 7.2 Gold's "deep-hot biosphere" model
01:26:42 7.3 Panspermia
01:27:58 7.4 Extraterrestrial organic molecules
01:33:58 7.5 Lipid world
01:35:59 7.6 Polyphosphates
01:37:17 7.7 PAH world hypothesis
01:39:40 7.8 Radioactive beach hypothesis
01:41:25 7.9 Thermodynamic dissipation
01:47:02 7.10 Multiple genesis
01:48:20 7.11 Fluctuating hydrothermal pools on volcanic islands or proto-continents
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9007927076191292
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life, is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. While the details of this process are still unknown, the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but a gradual process of increasing complexity that involved molecular self-replication, self-assembly, autocatalysis, and the emergence of cell membranes. Although the occurrence of abiogenesis is uncontroversial among scientists, there is no single, generally accepted model for the origin of life, and this article presents several principles and hypotheses for how abiogenesis could have occurred.
Researchers study abiogenesis through a combination of molecular biology, paleontology, astrobiology, oceanography, biophysics, geochemistry and biochemistry, and aim to determine how pre-life chemical reactions gave rise to life. The study of abiogenesis can be geophysical, chemical, or biological, with more recent approaches attempting a synthesis of all three, as life arose under conditions that are strikingly different from those on Earth today. Life functions through the specialized chemistry of carbon and water and builds largely upon four key families of chemicals: lipids (fatty cell walls), carbohydrates (sugars, cellulose), amino acids (protein metabolism), and nucleic acids (self-replicating DNA and RNA). Any successful theory of abiogenesis must explain the origins and interactions of these classes of molecules. Many approaches to abiogenesis investigate how self-replicating molecules, or their components, came into existence. Researchers generally think that current life on Earth descends from an RNA world, although RNA-based life may not have been the first life to have existed.The classic 1952 Miller–Urey experiment and similar research demonstrated that most amino acids, the chemical constituents of the proteins used in all living organisms, can be synthesized from inorganic compounds under conditions intended to replicate those of the early Earth. Scientists have proposed various external sources of energy that may have triggered these reactions, including lightning and radiation. Other approaches ("metabolism-first" hypotheses) focus on understanding how catalysis in chemical systems on the early Earth might have provided the precursor molecules ...
1:51:14
0:03:01
0:58:02
0:05:53
0:06:11
0:06:19
0:10:31
0:02:20
1:02:45
0:07:37
0:05:21
0:14:23
0:13:12
0:05:55
0:00:43
0:59:33
0:26:33
0:11:11
0:26:34
0:32:29
0:14:05
1:43:35
0:13:49
0:11:14