Gluconeogenesis Pathway Made Simple - BIOCHEMISTERY

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Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. From breakdown of proteins, these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol (although not fatty acids); and from other steps in metabolism they include pyruvate and lactate.

Gluconeogenesis is one of several main mechanisms used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood glucose levels, avoiding low levels (hypoglycemia). Other means include the degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis),[1] fatty acid breakdown.

Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms.[2] In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. In ruminants, this tends to be a continuous process.[3] In many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise. The process is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP, effectively making the process exergonic. For example, the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP to proceed spontaneously. Gluconeogenesis is often associated with ketosis. Gluconeogenesis is also a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes, such as the antidiabetic drug, metformin, which inhibits glucose formation and stimulates glucose uptake by cells.[4] In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc

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[aizamd]

It is important to note that oxaloacetate cannot cross outside the mitochondrion. It has to be converted to Malate, which will be transported to the cytosol via Malate-Aspartate Shuttle. Malate (now in cytosol) is then converted back to oxaloacetate (because of high amount of NAD+ in the cytosol) allowing phosphoenolpyruvate kinase to catalyze it into phosphoenol pyruvate. 😊

[juststudies]

4:38 The enzyme used to convert Phosphonenolpyruvate to Pyruvate is Pyruvate Kinase not PFK1. It's written in biochem textbooks and can also be found online when you search for step 10 of glycolysis

[sariasultan]

wait the enzyme which converts PEP to pyruvate is pyruvate kinase not phophorfructokinase

[DrSultanV]

very helpful and simplifying, but please avoid mistakes such as the pfk mistake in the step 10 of glycolysis. this could be misleading for students who are having an exam. at least put a correction in the comments or the discription.

[ALMLSAN]

Hexokinase also converts glucose to glucose 6 phosphate. Glucokinase does the same job but specifically in the liver. Thanks for the video 👍

[punyaprasadini]

Thank you very much sir. ❤ from Sri Lanka

[NagulanMusical]

I think glucokinase which converts Glucose to Glucose 6 phosphate, only can be found in the Liver. Usually, Glycolysis can occur in all cells, so Hexokinase is the one that would replace glucokinase.

[aishwarya]

Found it on the last day of preparation. Helps a lot :)

[allinone-psou]

Sir I am watching your channel from last 1year I really love the way you share the topics to us, becouse you have been teaching us sir I have started my channel on YouTube just getting inspiring from you i started my channel last weak only, I really thank you a lot for making me inspire sir.

[IshwariPetkar]

Thank you so much sir from Maharashtra

[hellohari]

Pyruvate-->Acetyl coA-->OAA-->Malate(crosses mitochondria) ---> PEP ( in the cytosol)

[aishuaish]

And also...the oxaloacetate inside the mitochondria is first converted to mate which is transferred to cytoplasm where it again become oxaloacetate

[aniketdas]

Very helpful. Explain the topic in a very crisp and profound manner.
Thank you.

[ayubabukarosman]

From somalia thnks, for u lecture, it is very nice

[rayaroy]

You should also mention that Glucose to G6P is converted by Glucokinse/Hexokinase as Glucokinase is only present in hepatocytes and B-cells of pancreas.

[darkmaster]

I like your videos. They are short and easy but please don't make mistakes in enzymes or steps.

[fajarqadeer]

Your channel makes my concepts always clear. This is really superb way to understand anyone.

[prashantbhandari]

4: 38 it is Pyruvate kinase not phosphofructokinase. BTW good 👍video.

[victorvk]

thanku so much. this video helped me to understand gluconeogenesis.

[bethusilegamedze]

Glucose is converted to G6P by enzyme Kinase and it's called the phosphorylation step(1st step) and ADP is converted to ATP as it is energy investment phase with the cofactor Mg2+