The Y Chromosome Makes Human Evolution Impossible! Responding to Gutsick Gibbon (PART TWO)

This is part two in a series of videos responding to Erika (Gutsick Gibbon) on the Y chromosome and human evolution. Erika claims that the Y chromosome supports human evolution. But is this true? Is Erika right about the topic of ancestry? The answer is no. This series demonstrates why.

Video being responded to in this program:

Addressing Gutsick Gibbon:

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[talkpopgen]

Let’s see if we can put this to bed. To understand human and chimp Y-chromosome differences, we need to ask a few questions: 1) have we observed large-scale sex chromosome evolution in a lab and in nature?; 2) do we have a mechanism(s) that can explain how these emerge?; and 3) do we have a mathematical model that predicts the rates of sex chromosome change? The answer, of course, is yes to each.

While we have seen large genomic rearrangement in laboratory settings of bacteria and yeast, one of the most compelling cases is the evolution of a new sex chromosome in swordtail fish in a 30-year breeding experiment by Franchini et al. (2018). They found the sex-determining region of the X-chromosome translocated onto an autosome and became rapidly established. This led to recombination suppression, maintaining maternal alleles in the newly formed sex chromosome. In a natural system, we’ve observed a polymorphic neo-Y chromosome - a newly formed Y that resulted from large-scale chromosomal fusion - in a species of pine beetle. Bracewell et al. (2017) actually show that these two beetle populations have rapid functional divergence at the sex chromosome despite literally still being the same species. This demonstrates that sex chromosomes can not only form extremely rapidly, but also diverge rapidly - even prior to speciation itself! Given how fast these changes have occurred, it’s easily conceivable that, in 6 million years, humans and chimps could have developed similar (in fact less!) divergence than two pine beetles.

So what’s the mechanism for rapid change? First is recombination suppression - since Y-chromosomes don’t recombine, they effectively behave as clones, which leads to a phenomenon called “Muller’s ratchet” (Muller 1964). This is the rapid degeneration of a non-recombining chromosome because selection cannot fix deletions. In addition, when recombination does occur, it does so with the X, often with regions that are non-homologous. When this happens, you can get large-scale translocations which leads to unequal crossing-over and, very often, massive deletions. This is rather common and is responsible for a large number of human genetic diseases. While these are fixed and rarely passed on in the autosomes, in the degenerate Y, they become fixed and persist. All of this demonstrates that the Y-chromosome is highly mutable and immune to natural selection, meaning it is expected to change much faster than any other part of the genome, exactly as we see in humans and chimps.

What about a mathematical theory for sex chromosome evolution? Got that too. One of the best reviews comes from Bachtrog (2013), who looks at theory developed by Charlesworth (1991), Charlesworth & Charlesworth (2000), etc. Each of these apply population genetic theory to show that Y-chromosome evolution should be both rapid and degenerate - excellently predicting the observation that Y chromosomes are wildly different between even closely related species. A great example is in fruit flies - within the genus Drosophila, related species have dramatically different sex chromosomes; D. miranda, for example, has evolved a completely different sex chromosome from the other fruit flies. If Donny contends that Y-chromosome dissimilarity in humans/chimps is enough to invalidate common ancestry, then this creates a massive issue - virtually all species would need to have been specially created.

We have experimental and natural examples of rapid sex chromosome evolution, genetic mechanisms that explain them, and mathematical theory that predicted it.

[stevenwhite]

Wait a minute since we came from this mythical ape like ancestor shouldn’t humans be the ones with the massive deletions and versions swapping and frame shifts? I mean we do after all have to go from ape like to human not human like to ape

[refusebdcvd]

"With me the horrid doubt always arises whether the convictions of a man’s mind which has been derived from the minds of the lower animals is of any value or at all trustworthy, would anyone trust in the convictions of a monkey’s mind if there are any convictions in such a mind?” -Charles Darwin
Atheists: “Of course we would!”

[stevenwhite]

What is she talking about at the end? she’s been given a reason and a mechanism of why they’re so different. They are not related.

[Mark-hs]

'The Y Chromosome Makes Human Evolution Impossible!'

.. says some random dude on his YouTube channel. Meanwhile, in the real world of science, things are a bit different. There are thousands upon thousands of peer-reviewed papers dealing with the Y chromosome. Not a single one has anything to do with evolution being impossible, obviously. Here's a short snippet from the abstract I found from one paper at random on PubMed:

'The human Y chromosome is intriguing not only because it harbours the master-switch gene determining gender but also because of its unusual *evolutionary* trajectory. Previously an autosome, Y chromosome *evolution* has been characterized by massive gene decay. Recent whole-genome and transcriptome analyses of Y chromosomes in humans and other primates, in Drosophila species as well as in plants have shed light on the current gene content of the Y, its origins and its long-term fate. Comparative analysis of young and old Y chromosomes have given further insights into the *evolutionary* and molecular forces triggering Y degeneration and its *evolutionary* destiny.'

I'm not even going to bother providing proper citations for this, because who cares? Like I said, there are countless papers on the subject and anybody here who is *honestly* interested can take a few minutes of their time and learn why this video is nonsense.

(What a ridiculously outlandish video title! It's like Answers in Genesis style, supermarket tabloid rubbish)

[philipgrobler]

I don't EVER want to be this DUMB and DELUSIONAL again, I am so grateful that I managed to figure out this religious BS and step AWAY from it!!!

[BasedDialectics]

How about cross reference population genetics and ERVs with the fossil record with the isotopic and geological record with embryology and anatomy etc etc etc etc. Stop wasting your life denying reality

[stevenwhite]

I noticed the first thing she did was start spending a story about rapid evolution to try to explain away the incredible differences. If I didn’t know better I would think she was gone for catastrophism.. We should just call her the spin doctor because my God was she ever spinning story after the story after story.

[stevenwhite]

Thompson doesn’t care about gutsy Gibbons she’s nobody

[SeaScienceFilmLabs]

Erika is rarely right... Especially about PaleoAnthropology...

[Ninjaskeptic]

Even if gutsick, and 99% of biologists, were wrong about the y chromosome, theres still the heat problem, the fossil layer problems and the speciation problem... just to name a few. Scratch your chin and smolder at the camera all you want, the science just keeps running away from your faith. Looking forward to a good laugh though, happy to support the arts!

[warrencolegrove]

Even if you were to find evolution is wrong, you’re still not one bit closer to proving a god did it. That won’t help your case at all. But you’re wrong. Mountains of evidence for evolution.