installing an arduino bootloader

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One thing that can happen with cheap arduino clones is that they sometimes come without a bootloader installed.

Fortunately it's not too hard to install yourself.

Here's a couple of methods - one that is easier (in my experience) than the other.

Feel free to comment on my mistakes in the convenient comment section below.

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This isn't the only way to do it.
It's probably not the best way to do it.

But it's how I do it.
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Back to working on my blown 16U2, and my ISP through a UNO failed like yours. Had a play and changed the COM port to the UNO COM port, and it worked. Looks like you direct to the target, but use the COM of the device you are using to do the talking.

SidneyCritic
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Probably has the old bootloader, which needs to be selected within the IDs, to write to it.
I made the same mistake thinking there was no bootloader, there was, but the chinese knock-offs normally have the old bootloader

wibbley
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The USB serial ATMEGA16U2 IC on my MEGA2560 caught fire so I soldered a new Ebay on. Unfortunately it looks like it needs FW as well, so I'll have to work that out now.

SidneyCritic
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Nick Gammon wrote and maintains a bootloader sketch that autodetect the IC (168/328/...) and burns the correct bootloader for a 5V arduino. Just Google for it.