How do Lithium-ion Batteries Work?

How many lithium-ion [Li-ion] batteries have you used today? Lithium-ion batteries are practically everywhere, but how do they work? Why are they rechargeable? And why do they die earlier and earlier in the day the more you use them? This episode will go deep into detail and explore the lithium-ion battery in your smartphone and answer each of these questions.

Question: "I learned that the Anode is + and the Cathode is -. Why do you say the reverse?" Answer: Well, in electronic devices, by definition: the anode is where electrons leave the component. In a diode or LED, the anode, the anode is the + terminal, the cathode is - and current goes from + to -, and electrons go from - to +. However now, think of the battery that is powering that LED. When operating, electrons come out of the negative side, and by the definition that makes this the anode. Thus, for batteries the anode is - and the cathode is +. But, chemistry uses a different definition of 'the cathode is where species are reduced, and the anode is where species are oxidized'. And for a battery function vs recharging the anode and cathodes switch sides, but + and - designations stay the same.

TLDR: Anode and cathode are defined by more than just Anode is + and cathode is -.

Erratum:
9:29 Separator misspelled as Seperator

Twitter: @teddytablante
Made by Teddy Tablante

Table of Contents:
00:43 Section 1: How do Li-ion batteries work?
04:53 Section 2: How do Li-ion batteries recharge?
05:36 Section 2B: Additional details about Li-ion batteries.
07:18 Section 3: Why does your battery's max capacity reduce over time?

Background Understanding: Electrons

Key Branches from this video are: Electric Vehicle Batteries, Galvanic and Voltaic Cells, Chemical bonds & Electronegativity, and Lemon Batteries.

Post with Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects
Sound editing with Reaper

Work Cited:
J.B. Goodenough and Y. Kim, Chem. Mater., 22, 587 (2010).

Julien, Christian. And Alain Mauger and Ashok Vijh and Karim Zaghib, Lithium Batteries Science and Technology Springer, 2016.

Kazda, Tomas. Vanysek, Petr. "Lithium Batteries as Electrochemical Sources of Energy". The Electro Chemical Society. Fall 2016

Pinson, Matthew B. Bazant, Martin Z. "Theory of FEI Formation in Rechargeable Batteries, Capacity Fade, Accelerated Aging and Lifetime Prediction" MIT.

Romano, Linda Ph.D., "Improving Performance and Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Characterizing Materials and Interfaces." EAG Laboratories 2017.

Strand, Dee. And Mark Jones (2016) "Chemistry of Hello: Lithium Ion Batteries" ACS Webinars Presentation 2016 Material Science Series

Wikipedia contributors. "Li-Ion Batteries." "Electrolyte." "Intercalation." "Electrical Energy." "Battery Electric Vehicle." "Battery Charger." "Rechargeable Battery." "Research in Lithium-ion Batteries." "Lithium-Silicon Battery." "Lithium Cobalt Oxide"  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, March 3rd, 2019.

Blender Battery by Jafrem

Music Attribution in Order:
Morning Dew from YouTube Audio Library
Plaidness by Francis Preve
Water Lillies from YouTube Audio Library
Under Cover by Wayne Jones from YouTube Audio Library
Timelapsed Tides from YouTube Audio Library
Sunburst, Tobu & Itro is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License

#How #LithiumIon #Batteries

[JaredOwen]

Great video! Batteries have always been a mystery to me and this video helped out!

[al-montazermandong]

As an Electronics Engineer, i greatly commend this channel for making outstanding videos on electronics, , You deserve millions of subscribers... Great work

[cjpurcell]

This is literally exactly how I pictured the perfect tech videos to learn about stuff. Great colorful visuals, and simple but detailed explanations 😍 (I'm working on a few far out energy storage things to be made at scale, right now, but so far I dont have anything worth sharing to the general public at the moment but stay tuned if you want to hear about some exciting news)

[bro]

Wow, I worked in a development lab making automotive Lithium Ion batteries for 10 years. We coated the carbon onto the large aluminum and copper “sheets”. We cut them to the proper size, wound the layers together (including the separator), put them into the final package and filled it with electrolyte, tested them and many times integrated them in to larger battery systems. It was fun. The chemistry always seemed to be a black art that only the Phd chemical engineers understood! This was good video.

[MrAkshaydude]

Please keep making videos bro. You just give complete knowledge that no other channel on YouTube offers.

[alishahbaz]

This channel really deserves more subscribers given the quality of your content!

[tkchannel]

I will never look at charging my smartphone the same again.

P.S. Your video was awesome and so incredibly easy to understand. Looking forward to seeing everything else you have.

[sadikovicarmin]

This is why I enjoy these videos. I had a misconception of the positive end being green and pushing electrons to components, I was so wrong! I learned that the negative goes to the phone and comes back to positive (cathode and anode) all the information was really cool and well presented. Animations make it easy to visualize and understand. Keep up the amazing work!

[BranchEducation]

Question: "I learned that the Anode is + and the Cathode is -. Why do you say the reverse?" Answer: Well, in electronic devices, by definition: the anode is where electrons leave the component. In a diode or LED, the anode, the anode is the + terminal, the cathode is - and current goes from + to -, and electrons go from - to +. However now, think of the battery that is powering that LED. When operating, electrons come out of the negative side, and by the definition that makes this the anode. Thus, for batteries the anode is - and the cathode is +. But, chemistry uses a different definition of 'the cathode is where species are reduced, and the anode is where species are oxidized'. And for a battery function vs recharging the anode and cathodes switch sides, but + and - designations stay the same.

TLDR: Anode and cathode are defined by more than just Anode is + and cathode is -.

Discuss your answers to the 3 questions here: 1) Why Lithium? 2)How can we improve upon the Li-ion battery? 3) What are some far-out dreams for the next evolution in energy storage?

[basiliospinello]

I finally well learned how a li-ion battery works! I really appreciate you work, thank you so much!

[suzannerosenzweig]

Thank you so much for making these informative videos! The visual aids are a useful aid in gaining an understanding of these brilliant devices. I have a question: if the cobalt shares its electrons with the oxygen (which is what happens when you form a molecule like cobalt oxide), why is it so eager to accept electrons from the lithium?

[thebigtom]

I learned more from this than my whole day at school

[panteaflorin]

Best explanation ever, you know why? You explained even the chemical reaction with half's reactions also.That i was searching for.Thank you for the video and info's.

[spencerhamm]

I learn so much about general science/technology information on top of how it is applied to specific applications, love the content.

[alexpelosi]

Great video! One note. Li-ion batteries can be safely discharged under 30%. The device will turn off at terminal voltage (around 3v) and reduce the rate at which lithium leaves the carbon. After a while in this state the battery protection FET will kick in (in the 2.5V range) and leave only self discharge. In other words: don’t worry! Drain to zero but don’t leave it there for too long (months). Also, don’t charge it to full and leave it in a hot environment (say over 35C) for and extended amount of time because that is bad. Charging at cold is worse but the device (software or hardware) should prevent that.

[VinSpacker]

For anyone confused by why he's describing the flow as going from negative to positive, look into the Conventional Current Flow model, vs the Electron Flow model. The conventional model (which is standard in electrical engineering) states that flow of electric charge is considered to go from the positive terminal of the power source to the negative terminal. This model was created before the discovery of the electron, and after this discovery it became known that the electron is the primary carrier of electric charge in most materials. Electrons, being negatively charged, move from the negative terminal of a power source to the positive terminal. This flow of electrons constitutes the actual movement of charge. Overall, the conventional current flow model remains the standard in electrical engineering due to its historical precedent, mathematical convenience, compatibility with existing knowledge, and practicality in engineering practice.

[vamsiakula]

Till now I have never seen such a video on electronics which has a complete knowledge and with full of graphics. I salute to you work. You deserve a millions of subscribers. Thanks a lot guys.

[Jorvanius]

8:11 I used to wait until 20%, but now I'm going to change that.
Awesome video, keep on the great work ;)

[esayers]

Everything is so thorough, with the spatial animations tying it all together😍 This really helps me understand concepts that are usually very difficult!

[snehashishbanerjee]

No detailed yet to-the-point video at the same time, can be possible than this one! Thanx a lot for such a lovely content..! The channels like this, are the jewels of YouTube...!