How do airplanes fly? Components - Coandă effect - Downwash - 3D animation

An airliner is typically defined as an aircraft intended for carrying multiple passengers or cargo in commercial service. When the Wright brothers made the world’s first sustained heavier-than-air flight, they laid the foundation for what would become a major transport industry.

Listing every single component of an airplane is almost impossible. The modern airliners in fact are composed of huge variety of mechanical, hydraulic and electronic components.
JAES, besides being a qualified partner for some of the most important aircraft manufacturers, is constantly engaged in the supply of all those spare parts necessary for the production, assembly, repair and maintenance of aircraft. Such as:
But have you ever wondered how such a large object, made up of all these components, can lift off the ground and fly hundreds of people at an altitude of thousands of feet?
In this video we will explain how an airplane flies and how the pilots are able to control it, in a simple but very specific way. First, let's take a closer look at the wing of the plane. We notice that it is not composed of a single solid piece. The wings, as well as the tails of airplanes, have many moving elements.
The most curious thing about the wing is its own specific shape, that follow the basic principles of fluid mechanics.
In this section we are able to see the shape of the wing.
We notice that the wing has a teardrop shape and when the airplane starts moving in this direction, the airflow will hit the wing following these trajectories.
But how does the wing rise when it is hit by the air flow?
First of all, it is necessary to say that the wing is placed in a slightly inclined position to improve the air flow.
In addition, the air flow entering at point A should have the same speed as the air flow at point B. In this situation we are led to believe that the upper air flow is faster because it has to travel more airfoil surface than the lower air flow.
Actually, speed has nothing to do with this situation, in fact, the upper air flow is simply more rarefied, which means that its molecules are more distant from each other while they travel across the wing surface.
The lower air flow, on the other hand, is less rarefied and therefore its molecules are closer to each other.
The lower air flow has more molecules than the upper air flow. This creates a difference in pressure between the two parts. The low pressure on the top creates an upward suction effect that allows the wing, and consequently the whole aircraft, to lift up.
In addition, the numerous molecules of the lower air flow create an high pressure effect, that allows the upward lifting of the wing.
But this is not the only reason why planes fly. In addition to this pressure difference, the COANDĂ EFFECT comes into play, which is is the tendency of a fluid jet to stay attached to a nearby surface.
This effect can clearly be shown by placing a simple spoon under running water.
Or a common glass jar.
The fluid, or in this case the air flow, moving along the wing surface causes friction, which tends to slow it down. This slowing only affects the molecules in direct contact with the wing.
The air flow coming in a straight line, hit the wing and follows its shape all the way out.
This contributes to lifting the plane.
So, the greater the air flow investing the wing, the greater the upward thrust. This is why planes to take off must reach high ground speed.
An idea to increase the effect of this upward thrust is to change the shape of the wings by adding some moving elements such as SLATS and FLAPS, which by opening up they increase the deflection as well as the wing surface.
When SLATS and FLAPS are activated by the pilot there is a substantial increase in the vertical speed, also known as DOWNWASH, this allows to increase the thrust.
These ailerons instead can move up and down and for this reason the lift force can decrease or increase respectively.
At the tail of the plane you can see two main elements: the RUDDER that moving to the right and left allows control of the horizontal force and the ELEVATORS that moving up and down allow control of the vertical force generated on the tail.
Thanks to these moving parts, it is possible to control the direction of the aircraft, from the take-off to the landing phase...

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[tacitdionysus]

I was s flying instructor for years and several elements of this explanation are inaccurate and muddled. Very annoying.

[jin-gukang]

Coanda effect does not apply to slow flowing fluids (its only found in jet streams), that being said, tap water sticking to the spoon is not coanda effect but rather, water particles' surface tension acting on the surface of the spoon.

[attilatoth]

5:46 the pilot does not "activate" the slats, flaps or anything during the takeoff roll. They are already in position before speeding up.

[imupnorthBatley]

Henri Coandă, imagined all this in his head, as there were no examples of planes to think about in Romania or the world when he was growing up. He used to watch clouds making patterns, and anything around that he likened to the air moving above him. Some say Einstein was the most brilliant person who ever lived, but this man, Henri Coandă, made it possible for millions of people almost on a daily basis to hop aboard a plane and arrive safely without thinking anything of the person who thought all this out in his head. That's brilliance.

[JustinRinehart]

are set before we even start to taxi. No slats or flaps are EVER extended while rolling down the runway. Just FYI

[makantahi]

2:10 A is not same as B, because stream above can not slow down in one point and in wind tunel it can be seen, difference in speed of upper and lower air

[carmelpule]

I do not understand why people mention the names of other people who are related to the fluid flow as the Coanda and Bernoulli and others. How wings fly has nothing to do with people who worked on them. This is a natural effect and so we must explain the physics of the process as it has nothing to do with who worked on wings.
The scientific reason why wings lift is the following.
1. Assuming two particles of air moving toward the leading edge of the wing, one takes a path to move above the wing while the other to move below the wing. The particle which moves above the wing first hits the leading edge and is reflected up away from the surface above the wing. This reflection tends to distance the air particle from the upper surface and so there is low pressure. As the wing travels under the upper particle the wing is tapered down and so there is an increase of volume for the air particle to occupy and so a further lower pressure is generated.
2. The particle of air traveling under the wing, it too hits the underside of the leading edge, but due to the positive angle of incidence the underside of the wing is capturing the air and moving it forward with it and so there are more air particles captured under the wing which increases the pressure.


So when we describe how a wing lifts one must not refer to any particular human name and the process has not been invented by any man and it existed ever since birds learned to fly and fish learned to swim.


When the hull of the buoyancy water hull moves through the water, what was described above occurs all the time and for a normal water hull with a raised transom one can see all the pressures around the hull where the observer must think in an upside down manner the bow wave is the high pressure on the leading upper surface while the rear wave near the transom is due to the suction of the underside of the hull due to the tapered up rear end to the transom. This action is not due to any man, it is a natural function and all one needs to do is to explain it in its scientific processes where it all boils down to a CHANGE OF MOMENTUM OF AIR PARTICLES all done at the right moment and the right locality around the shape of a wing. Many people still do not understand what goes on at the wing tip of a wing. The best wing must have both the leading edge and the trailing edge RAKED BACKWARDS. to ensure better control of the wingtip vortices. Just look at the wing tips of fish, dolphins, whales, and birds and there it is for anyone to behold. Coanda and Bernoulli effect is not the right picture as to what happens on a wing and how it works. It is certainly not a Bernoulli effect and one must forget about Coanda. It is all a change of momentum of air particles as they hit the leading edge and a change of momentum bring acceleration forces with it. There is the reason why a wing lifts.
The change of momentum of air particles and their acceleration forces to move the air particles out of the way is also the reason for the drag, It is all a case of resolving the directions of the forces included in the change of momentum of the air particles and what the shape of the airfoil section offers the disturbed air particles!.

[makantahi]

this plane landed on front wheel first

[fortunemoses]

When the plane takes off, the flaps and slats are not activated when the plane is already running on the runway. They are activated bofore. And when the plane lands, immediately at touch down, the spoilers are automatically deployed. Reverse thrust is activated after. And a plane lands on it's landing gear not the nose gear.

[orhnbyrk]

A lot of mistakes. He says it has nothing to do with speed. It is the bernoulli's theorem which is the building block of fluid dynamics states, as the speed increases pressure decreases.

[MrMallorcaboy]

a good example of the coanda effect is when pee travels down your leg due to a fault in the aim sequence, and the rest follows for a few seconds despite the aim being corrected. its most likely to happen when your desperate and theres someone in.

[noahschott]

Thanks for this informative video on how airplanes fly! I appreciate how you explained the Coandă effect and the role of flaps and slats in increasing the lifting force during takeoff. However, I think it would have been helpful if you had explained more about how the wing's shape creates a pressure difference that allows for upward suction and lifting of the aircraft. Overall, great job!

[mertgarbonite]

Its mildly triggering calling lift thrust. Even when specifying vertical thrust. Why muddle the 4 forces, lift drag thrust weight too complicated???

[abcdef]

at 2:08, A=B this is laminar flow, but why is the wing edge at A round? why is not pointy so that it helps laminar flow. so it led me to believe that until you do this experiment under liquid helium 4 where friction doesnt exist so coanda effect no longer exists. if you still have the lift. i will accept the round shape at A.

[guntherultraboltnovacrunch]

I see Coanda effect... in the title and the video starts with the definition of an Airliner. I know what a fucking airliner is man. I know the wright brothers made the first sustained air flight... GET ON WITH IT.

[mahadljama]

All knowledge came from Allah( God) he put the example out there for us to learn from his creation plane is just another mechanised bird, submarine is just another a mechanised whale and helecopter is just another mechanised huming bird we have more to learn from Allah as he has put all the example for us out there please read the koran and sunnah.

[BrianPhillipsRC]

Why did you showing flaps and spoiler deployment on takeoff? I also noticed @ 8:45 ...the mention of slats and flaps, but what's shown is flaps and spoilers.

Spoilers retard the lift from the wings by creating a separation of the otherwise laminar flow of air on the top of the wing surface, it could be said they're "Stalling" the wing, or part of the wing (in most cases).

Slats increase surface area, and thus increase lift with the trade-off of also increasing drag. They're deployed at the same time as flaps, which also increase surface area, and thus increase lift with the trade-off of also increasing drag and also allow the plane to be pointed downward without gaining as much speed. This is very important for landing, since you can't generally descend without gaining speed, in a heavier than air craft. This also has the added benefit of giving the pilot(s) a better view of the landing approach, until they flare for touchdown on the mains in a tricycle gear formation.

I realize it's hard to get every detail into a video, and don't mean to be nit-picky, but spoilers and slats, as mentioned at 8:45 and a couple other times, are almost opposite in their operation, so I don't want any more confusion our there, than needed...

[Rockabilly]

After 30 years of flying I thought we set Flaps prior to take off depending on the Aircraft... in this clip, you state we ad flaps/slats after we increase thrust..

[tonydavis]

One correction. Flaps are extended much BEFORE takeoff power is set.
In the video it says flaps are extended after aircraft reaches certain speed. This is incorrect.