Simplifying code with defaultdict in python

certainly! in python, the `defaultdict` class from the `collections` module is a powerful tool for simplifying code by providing default values for keys that have not been explicitly set. this can be particularly useful when working with dictionaries, as it helps avoid the need to check if a key exists before performing operations on it.

the `defaultdict` works by allowing you to specify a default value (or a default factory function) that will be returned when a key is accessed for the first time. this eliminates the need to manually initialize keys before using them.

here is a step-by-step tutorial to demonstrate how to simplify code using `defaultdict`:

1. import the `defaultdict` class from the `collections` module.

2. create a `defaultdict` object and specify the default value (or default factory function) to be used.

3. access keys in the `defaultdict` without needing to explicitly check if they exist.

4. the `defaultdict` will automatically create the key with the default value if it does not exist.

5. enjoy simplified code with fewer checks and initializations!

here is an example code snippet demonstrating the use of `defaultdict`:

output:

in this example, the `defaultdict` simplifies the counting of word occurrences by automatically initializing keys with a default value of 0 when they are accessed for the first time. this results in cleaner and more concise code.

...

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