The Entire Quantum Universe is Inside the Atom

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REFERENCES

CHAPTERS
0:00 Why Universe is inside an Atom
1:29 What is an atom?
4:44 Louis de Broglie finds waves!
6:28 Electromagnetic force explained
7:24 -Sponsor InVideo
8:35 Strong Force explained, color charges!
12:33 Weak Force explained
14:58 Why is Weak Force called a "FORCE?"
16:08 Gravity

SUMMARY
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains its macro properties. But it’s also a quantum entity. It interacts with all four fundamental forces of nature. It connects our macro world to the quantum world.
Ernest Rutherford found that the atom has a very small nucleus, 10^-15 m across, while most of it is empty with electrons orbiting about 100,000 times further away in a cloud.
But if electrons were orbiting around a nucleus, they must be undergoing a constant acceleration. And accelerating charges emit electromagnetic waves, or light. If this were true, they would quickly radiate away all their energy and spiral inwards, crashing into the nucleus. It would be impossible for atoms to be stable.
To resolve this conundrum, French physicist Louis de Broglie proposed that electrons behave like waves too. These waves can only exist at specific, discrete energy levels. Electrons "orbit" the nucleus in stable patterns where the wave fits perfectly in the orbit. These energy levels are like rungs on a ladder; electrons can jump between them but can’t exist in between.
When an electron drops from a higher energy level to a lower one, it releases energy in the form of a photon. And when electrons absorb a photon, it leaps them to a higher energy state. These electron energy transitions in any atom are unique for every element determined by the number of protons in the nucleus. They act as atomic fingerprints, producing distinct spectral lines that scientists can use to identify them.
The photon is the carrier of the electromagnetic force, enabling interactions between charged particles. it's the second strongest fundamental force, and determines the unique chemical and physical properties of each element.
But if protons inside the nucleus are all positively charged, they should repel each other due to the electromagnetic repulsion. But at distances smaller than the radius of a nucleus, the strong force is 137 times stronger and overwhelms the electromagnetic repulsion between protons.
But protons and neutrons are made up of even smaller particles called quarks. Inside them, you’ll find two types: up quarks and down quarks. Up quarks carry a positive electric charge of +2/3, and down quarks a negative charge of -1/3, but they can only combine to form particles with an integer charge. Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark, combining for +1 charge, while neutrons consist of one up quark and two down quarks, making them neutral.
They don’t just have an electric charge, they also carry a "color charge." This is not like optical colors, but a metaphor to describe a kind of charge. There are three color and anticolor charges: red, green, and blue. For a particle to exist, its combination of color charges must be neutral or "colorless" either by containing a combination red, green and a blue charged quarks, or containing a color and anti-color charged quarks. Inside a proton or neutron, the three quarks are constantly exchanging gluons, which are the carriers of the strong force. The constant exchange of colors creates the strong force.
#atom
#quantummechanics
If quarks are pulled apart, the force between them grows stronger and like a spring, brings them back together. This confines them inside nucleons. If enough energy separates them, the gluon field "snaps," creating new quark-antiquark pairs, or meson. The exchange of mesons between nucleons is what binds them together in the nucleus.
Beta decay is when a neutron transforms into a proton or vise versa, cue to the weak force. It’s a million time weaker than the strong force. It is mediated by W and Z bosons which have 80 times the mass of a proton. Such large energy fluctuations exist only for a very brief amount of time, making them very short lived and localised to 0.1% the diameter of a proton.
Gravity is 10^32 times weaker than the weak force, but thanks to the overall neutrality of atoms, it's the one that shapes the Universe as we know it, pulling matter together to create the large-scale structures of the universe.

[theultimatereductionist]

Every single one of Arvin Ash's video starts off on a subject that I have heard and seen countless times before in many other videos,
but without a single exception, Arvin Ash always introduces new (new to me, I mean) ideas in physics that I have not heard of before or considered before.
For example, YOU are the ONLY science communicator I have found so far who asks the question "Why is the weak force called a force?"
I have long wanted an answer to that question. And I never knew that beta decay is less common than alpha decay, let alone much less common.
Bravo!

[dannybodros]

"The Church of the Children of Atom is based on the idea that each single atomic mass contains within it an entire universe!"
- Confessor Cromwell (Fallout 3)

[Anna-sssf]

A bit of Blake came to mind while watching this fascinating video: “
“To see a World in a Grain of Sand
And a Heaven in a Wild Flower,
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand
And Eternity in an hour”

[GururajBN]

After several months break, I have returned to your channel. I have thoroughly enjoyed the talk, as ever.👍

[jorgel]

Great video! Thank you for putting it together… it reminded me (and taught me) a few new things. Thank you and your team for educating the masses you are doing a great job!

[JALNIN]

For a lifelong science follower with only a high school education, this might be the best explanation I've seen for me anyway. Thanks.

[robertroy]

That was fascinating. Thanks so much for the excellent videos.

[pmichaelbowden]

Given the title, I was expecting some wild-hair explanation of cosmic scale. Imagine my - pleasant - surprise when you embarked on a succinct history of atoms that melded seamlessly with a clear description of sub-atomic particles as we know them today, then blending into quantum physics. Very nice!

[Rudyard_Stripling]

I really learned a lot in this video, so much has changed since my high school science classes in 1977 haha.

[santosakowski]

I didn't realize how much I didn't know about nuclear reactions. I was shocked to learn several things. Great video.

[liggerstuxin]

Our whole mind runs on analogies.
It’s amazing the level of analogies we have to explain the world around us. There’s all these maths to understand, yet everything is easiest to explained as an apple, or as a color, or something that is relative to our understanding.

[TwentyThreeasy]

Your videos are fantastic! Thank you for creating them ❤

[samgamgee]

" I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a king of infinite space" ~ Hamlet

[Clrendon]

I knew it - We`re all only gut bacteria in an entity sitting infront of a TV watching The Simpsons.

[DUNCZI]

Just perfect. Precious and perfectly well structured. Undersatble for anyone. Fascinating. Indeed.

[bhauser]

This was the best succinct explanation of the fundamental forces I’ve heard on YouTube - thanks!

[noelstarchild]

What is amazing is that we've proved atoms exist, the outside of it is a cloud of electron/s and the core has gluons and quarks.
This is mind-bogglingly amazing.
Shout out to Cern.

[MarshallRosenberg]

It is so amazing that ancient Greece already knew about atoms, even though they had no measuring instruments. Really amazing

[bellatrix]

This has helped me understand quarks more. Thanks! 👍👍

[jurgenkola]

As atoms are our window to the universe, so is your knowledge dissipating force! Thank you for your effort!
As a industrial chemist, lost in the daily "interactions", i forget how amazing things can be, provided you give them the right "colour". Thanks again Arvin!