let s code 3d engine in python from scratch

creating a 3d engine from scratch in python is a complex task that can be quite rewarding. we'll tackle this in several steps, focusing on the foundational concepts of a 3d engine, including rendering, transformations, and basic input handling. we will use the `pygame` library for window handling and the `numpy` library for mathematical computations.

step 1: setting up the environment

first, ensure you have `pygame` and `numpy` installed. you can install them using pip:

step 2: basic structure

let's create a simple 3d engine structure with the following components:

- **vector operations**: for 3d math.
- **3d objects**: representing our geometries.
- **camera**: for viewing our 3d world.
- **renderer**: to display the 3d objects on the screen.

step 3: vector operations

step 4: creating 3d objects

step 5: camera

step 6: renderer

step 7: putting it all together

explanation

1. **vector class**: handles basic 3d vector operations.
2. **mesh class**: represents a 3d object, allowing transformations.
3. **camera class**: defines a camera to view the 3d scene.
4. **renderer class**: manages the window and drawing operations.
5. **main loop**: handles events, updates, and rendering.

conclusion

this is a basic 3d engine setup in python using pygame and numpy. it renders a simple triangle in 3d space, demonstrating the core concepts of a 3d engine. you can extend this by adding more complex features like textures, lighting, and user input for camera movement.

next steps

to further develop your engine, consider:

- adding lighting and shading.
- implementing texture mapping.
- creating more complex objects and scenes.
- handling user input for camera movement ...

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