Encoding | Encryption | Hashing | Obfuscation

Encoding:
Encoding is used to transform data into another format so that it can be consumed by a different type of system or application. The encoding uses the algorithm for the encoding and decoding, it doesn't require a key and the encoding algorithm is publicly available.
We convert the data into binary so that, it can be consumed by a different system.
Example: ASCII, Unicode, URL encoding, Base64, etc.

Encryption:

Encryption is used to transform data to keep it secret. Encryption is used for confidentiality. In encryption, we use the private or public key depending on the encryption type (Symmetric Encryption or Asymmetric Encryption). So the goal of encryption is to ensure that the data can not be consumed by anyone other than the intended recipients.
Examples: aes, blowfish, rsa