Scott Krueger - Patho for Nurses: Eye and Ear Sensory Disorders, Signs & Symptoms, Treatment

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Refractive Errors for Eyes

Hyperopia-(farsightedness) A vision condition in which nearby objects are blurry, but far sight is clear. People with hyperopia must squint to see nearby objects Reading, writing, computer work, or drawing for long periods of time may cause eye strain and headache. Treatment options include eyeglasses, contact lenses, and surgery such as LASIK

Myopia-(nearsightedness) A condition in which near objects appear clearly, but far objects appear blurry. The condition may develop gradually or rapidly. Treatment options include eyeglasses, contact lenses, and surgery such as LASIK.
Presbyopia-Lack of elasticity in the lens. Common in aging adults. Gradual diminished ability to focus on close objects

Astigmatism-Light rays are diffusely spread about the retinal area. Caused by either the shape of the lens or cornea which distort the light rays entering the eye

Vision Disorders

Amblyopia (aka Lazy Eye)-Decreased eyesight due to abnormal visual development that occurs in early childhood. When nerve pathways between the brain and an eye aren't properly stimulated, the brain favors the other eye. Symptoms include a wandering eye, or poor depth perception. Treatment includes eye patches, drops, glasses or contact lenses, and sometimes surgery

Strabismus- Disorder in which the eyes don't look in the same direction at the same time. Causes can include nerve injury or dysfunction of the muscles controlling the eye. The main symptom is eyes that don't look in the same direction at the same time. Treatments include special eyewear, use of an eye patch, and rarely surgery

Diabetic retinopathy- A complication of diabetes that affects the eyes that is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the tissue at the back of the eye (retina). Poorly controlled blood sugar is a risk factor. Early symptoms include floaters, blurriness, dark areas of vision, and difficulty perceiving colors. Blindness can occur. Mild cases may be treated with careful diabetes management. Advanced cases may require laser treatment or surgery

Cataracts- Normally clear lens becomes cloudy & interferes with light transmission. Symptoms include blurred vision, inability to see in dim light, seeing halos around lights, or vision loss. Treatment includes replacing the affected lens with a clear, artificial lens

Glaucoma- Increased intraocular pressure from excess accumulation of aqueous humor. The most common type of glaucoma (open-angle glaucoma) often has no symptoms other than slow vision loss. Narrow-angle glaucoma, although rare, is a medical emergency and its symptoms include eye pain with nausea and sudden visual disturbance. Treatment includes eye drops, medications, and surgery

Photophobia- sensitive to light, causes include eye inflammation, corneal abrasion or ulcer, wearing contact lenses too long or lenses that fit poorly, eye infection, diseases, injury or recovering from eye surgery, meningitis, migraine headaches, medications, light-colored eyes, albinism

Conjunctivitis-(pink eye) is an irritation or inflammation of the conjunctiva. It can be caused by allergies or a bacterial or viral infection. Conjunctivitis can be extremely contagious and is spread by contact with eye secretions from someone who is infected. It can also lead to discharge or crusting around the eyes. It's important to stop wearing contact lenses while affected. Allergic conjunctivitis can be treated with antihistamines. Bacterial conjunctivitis can be treated with antibiotic eye drops

Keratitis-inflammation of the cornea that is caused by infection, injury, disease, or wearing contact lenses too long. Eye redness, pain, and blurred or decreased vision are symptoms. Prompt medical attention is needed to avoid loss of vision. Treatment includes medications such as antibiotics. In rare cases, antifungal drugs may be used

Types of Hearing Loss

Conductive-hearing loss where sounds cannot get through the outer and middle ear. Soft sounds are hard to hear, and louder sounds may be muffled. Medicine or surgery can often fix this type of hearing loss

Sensorineural-sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damaged to the tiny hair cells in the inner ear and is usually associated with aging or prolonged exposure to loud noise. Treatment includes hearing aids and assistive devices

Hearing Disorders

Ménière's disease-usually starts in one ear, but later may involve both. Smoking, infections, or a high-salt diet may worsen the disease. Symptoms include a spinning sensation (vertigo), hearing loss, ear ringing (tinnitus), and ear pressure. The vertigo may cause severe nausea and imbalance. Drugs for motion sickness or nausea may help manage symptoms

Otitis media- infection of the air-filled space behind the eardrum (the middle ear) that is usually caused by bacteria or viruses. Ear pain and fever are common symptoms. Less commonly, there may be drainage of fluid from the ear or hearing loss. May require antibiotics

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