Scott Krueger - Patho for Nurses: Neurological & Musculoskeletal Terms & Diseases

#nurse #pathophysiology #scottkrueger

Neuro Terms & Diseases

Hypothalamus-controls body temperature, fluid balance, and hunger

Extrapyramidal system-controls and coordinates skeletal muscle activity such as arm swinging when walking

Prefrontal cortex-area where intellectual functioning occurs

Broca’s area-speech area of the brain

Wernicke’s area-comprehension of speech area of the brain

Choroid plexus-secretes cerebrospinal fluid

Guillain-Barre-autoimmune condition after a viral infection where the immune system attacks the myelin sheaths surrounding the neurons. Leads to progressive muscle weakness occurring in an ascending fashion

Parkinson’s-progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopamine

Dementia-progressive chronic disease, in which cortical function is decreased, impairing cognitive skills such as language, logical thinking and judgment, ability to learn new information, as well as motor coordination

Meningitis- Usually bacterial origin, in the meninges of the CNS and vaccine available. Presence of positive Kernig and Brudzinski sign, severe headache, nuchal rigidity, back pain, and photophobia

Brain abscess- From ear, throat, lung, or sinus infections, including staphylococcus and septic emboli (localized bacterial infection) frequently occurring in the frontal or temporal lobes

Encephalitis-usually viral origin, in the parenchymal or connective tissue in the brain and cord

Reye’s syndrome-frequent in children with viral infection that were treated with aspirin

Stroke

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply, a medical emergency
Types-TIA (mini stroke), ischemic (blockage formed in brain artery), embolic (clot from elsewhere in body), hemorrhagic (brain bleed)

Predisposing risk factors for stroke include atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, HTN, smoking, DM, birth control pills

Symptoms of stroke depend on the obstruction location, size of the artery involved, and functional area that are affected but may include trouble walking, speaking, and understanding, as well as paralysis or numbness of the face, arm, or leg

The stroke scale evaluates the client’s ability to speak, level of consciousness, motor abilities, and eye movement. Early treatment with medications like tPA (clot buster) can minimize brain damage.

Do not use tPA for hemorrhagic stroke (has poorest outcome of all the strokes. Other treatments focus on limiting complications and preventing additional strokes using medications like aspirin (ASA) to thin blood and statins which lower cholesterol
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Seizure (epilepsy)

Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain

Types-absence (seen commonly in children), focal (one area of the brain), generalized (affects both sides of brain)

Risk factors include family history, head injury, brain infections, stroke, dementia, alcohol dependence

Tonic: Muscles in the body become stiff
Atonic: Muscles in the body relax
Myoclonic: Short jerking in parts of the body
Clonic: Alternating contraction and relaxation

Treatment-anti-seizure medications, diet changes, surgery, electrical stim, safety

Musculoskeletal terms & diseases

Dislocation-loss of contact between articular cartilage

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome-compression of the median nerve in the palm

Sprain-Injury to ligament

Strain-injury to muscle or tendon

Comminuted Fracture-Bone fragments into many pieces

Greenstick Fracture-Incomplete break occurs along the length of the bone

Compression Fracture-Bone is crushed

Open Fracture-Broken bone protrudes through skin

Basilar skull fracture-can be seen in domestic abuse and is not visually evident and diagnosed by CT scan. The bruising and discoloration around the eye are and runny nose is due to the leakage of blood and CSF resulting from the fracture

Actin is a protein that produces thin contractile filaments within muscle cells

Myosin is a protein that produces the dense contractile filaments within muscle cells. Actin and myosin work together to generate muscle contractions and movement

Osteoporosis

A condition in which bones become weak and brittle

Risk factors include smoking, alcohol use, decreased calcium intake, post-menopausal (due to loss of protective effects of estrogen), advancing age, female, white or Asian ancestry, & thin build

Treatment includes increased calcium via diet or supplements. Interventions include weight bearing exercises like walking, yoga, tai chi, qigong, and standing meditation. Preventing falls is key in safety due to risk of fracture

[Nickie]

I just want to thank you for providing these videos to us! They have been EXTREMELY HELPFUL! 😊😊

[patriciadesiraigand]

I'm not in your class but someone sent me your link. I just wanted to thank you because I just aced my Pathophysiology exam thanks to your video.

[raversmiracle]

Don't forget Trigeminal Neuralgia. My mom has it and has undergone several procedures and last I knew she was still showing symptoms. Very serious and painful. Also known as the suicide disease due to the level and duration of the intense pain.