Nice Fish Swarm under Blue Sea Water

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Swarm intelligence is a branch of artificial intelligence that studies the collective behavior of systems decentralized, self-organizing, natural or artificial. The concept is used in work on artificial intelligence. The term was introduced by Gerardo Beni and Wang Jing in 1989, in the context of mobile robotic systems. Inspired by nature, especially by certain biological systems, systems of swarm intelligence are typically comprised of a population of agents simple locally interacting among themselves and with their environment.

The concept of swarm behavior refers to the behavior of fish, birds, insects or other animals, to aggregations of association. The individuals in a swarm usually belong to the same type on, but it can also be mixed flocks of animals of different species and size make. Typical swarm of animals, for example, herring, starlings and locusts. Advantages of swarm formation resulting in search of food and protection from predators such. As by collective vigilance. Often the individuals of the swarm move together in one direction. The physiological basis of the ability to move synchronously is in the mirror neuron suspected. In terrestrial mammals is called with a similar behavior of a flock, with rapid progression of a stampede. The phenomenon is examined not only in different biological disciplines, but also such. As in computer science (see particle swarm optimization ). Applications are available in the computer graphics (see particle system ) and in the military.

The physicist and ornithologist Andrea Cavagna from Rome turned in a EU firmly -Forschungsprojekt that birds be based on the seven neighboring birds, which is the highest number that can distinguish the birds. Generally they hold at least a wingspan distance. Changes in direction of the swarm is not necessarily the swarm tip responds each individual can cause a change in direction and the whole swarm organized thereby. At the approach of raptors condenses the swarm to impede the sighting of an individual. Sometimes even the bird of prey from the swarm is enclosed so that it must be possible to drop flightless. Interferes with a bird of prey to swarm-resolution approach to roost, the swarm rises again, often until the onset of darkness.

Unlike other social structures such as the harem, or society, there is no hierarchy in a bank: the fish that leads the group in his swimming is simply the one that is most at the front. When the school of fish changes direction, each fish turns and starts to follow the fish immediately preceding it, and the fish which is then the most forward spontaneously take (and temporarily) the head of the group, this structure being permitted by the presence of a sensory system, the lateral line.

In order to form compact groups, gregarious species must be able to recognize each other as individuals of the same species. This need to interesting places gives adaptations, especially in some environment where visibility is limited: Neon ( Paracheirodon innesi ) is one of the most famous fish in aquarium benches. The members of this species feature an iridescent blue band along the body, which reflects light and allows the fish to recognize them in the black water biotopes of South America.

For predatory species, benches are also a valuable food resource; large marine animals, fish or mammals such as whale shark, the basking shark or whale hunt benches plankton or krill, they consume large amounts. We saw a gray whale eradicate in one meal, almost all of a bank of anchovies, in just a few bites! The sharks and dolphins attacking in bands, and harass schools of fish, they consume almost all individuals, before going in search of another bench.

Schools of fish and are a very important resource as they gather at a single point a number of very important people in an environment otherwise very diluted. This vulnerable resource, however, is threatened by the intensification of the fishing industry and new technologies ( sonar and others): most sampling eradicate all or substantially all of the individuals of a bench with a short-term risk to the survival of species.

This type of behavior is very common in fish pelagic, can be considered an adaptation evolutionary, as it brings many advantages for the species. First, it allows a greater number of individuals remains a region with better living conditions in terms of temperature or power; or a larger number of fish reach a region with these characteristics.

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