Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure) Nursing NCLEX Review Management, Stages, Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (also called acute renal failure) nursing NCLEX review lecture on the nursing management, stages, pathophysiology, and causes (prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal).

What is Acute Kidney Injury? It is the SUDDEN decrease in renal function that leads to the build up of waste in the blood, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances.

What are the causes of Acute Kidney Injury? There are three causes, which are based on location. The first is known as prerenal injury and this is an issue with the perfusion to the kidneys that leads to decreased renal function. A second cause is known as intrarenal injury, and this is due to damage to the nephrons of the kidney. Lastly, postrenal injury is due to a blockage located in the urinary tract after the kidney that can extend to the urethra. This is causing the back flow of urine, which increases the pressure and waste in the kidneys.

Stages of Acute Kidney Injury: There are four stage of acute kidney injury, which include initiation, oliguric, diuresis, and recovery stage. The initiation stage starts when a cause creates an injury to the kidney and then signs and symptoms start to appear. This leads to the oliguric stages. The patient will void less than 400 mL/day of urine during this stage and will experience increased BUN/creatinine levels, azotemia, hyperkalemia, hypervolemia, increase phosphate and decreased calcium levels along with metabolic acidosis.

After this stage the patient can progress to the diuresis stage and this is where the patient will void 3-6 Liters of urine per day due to osmotic diuresis. The patient is at risk for hypokalemia, dehydration, and hypovolemia. The last stage is recovery and the patient's glomerular filtration rate has returned to normal. Therefore, the kidneys are able to maintain normal BUN and creatinine levels, electrolyte, and water levels.

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[RegisteredNurseRN]

Hey Everyone! Thank you so much for watching. Don't forget:

[amandacooley]

I graduate in May, we have to select an instructor to pin us at our pinning ceremony. You have officially been nominated!

[rayannea]

Just want to thank you from the bottom of my heart for all your time and effort in making these videos! I wish I had instructors like you in nursing school. You were an imperative part of my preparation for my Nclex exam. I viewed almost 80 % of your videos and made notes. When I took my Nclex I remembered key points from your videos which helped me pass!!! Thank you thank you thank you

[aljotock]

absolutely brilliant presentation. My father (90 yr old and ill) developed AKI and this has helped me understand the realistic prognosis for him. He's not in End stage renal failure which is regrettable but understanding the mechanism and S&S's etc has really helped when discussing with his doctors what is the most appropriate treatment plan. many thanks x

[rachellarson]

Hi Sarah, I just want to say I have been reading from multiple sources, answering NCLEX questions, and going over class powerpoints for hours on end. Of all the studying I’ve done, your videos helped me the most and made the most sense because you explain it much more efficiently and effectively. My stress levels went from beyond 10 to a 3 in 30 minutes thanks to you. Thank you so much for your website and your nursing videos!!!!

[LovMaya]

There are no words to thank you enough. Your seriously put everything in a better perspective making it so easy to grasp. You have been the reason why a lot of nurses are what they are today. Thank youuuu!

[TheBeautyJunction]

Hey Sarah! I'd like to say that you and your videos have been a God-send to me throughout nursing school. I graduate in May and have been watching your videos for two years now. There are times when my professors do not "teach" the material, rather they "present" the material to us and we learn on our own. You have most definitely been my professor to me. I love the way you organize your information, explain pathophysiology seamlessly, and are so educated on the material! You speak directly from my textbook and point out items that WILL be on my test. Thank you for your time and effort that you put into your videos! I don't take it for granted!!

[aliciatellez]

You have clarified so much for me! I love how you breakdown the pathophysiology of the disorders so that we can understand it fully. I take my NCLEX-PN in 2.5 weeks. Thank you for all that you do!

[tanjamomo]

My hubby is in his last semester in nursing school and I started watching your videos with him. I am a hospitalist Coder and your videos are also very informative for myself. Ever since Icd 10 started us coders need to know a lot more to assign the proper codes.

[constanceshannon]

Nurse Sarah I have been an LPN for 13 years and I have a BS in bio. I just wanted to let you know that I am in term 4/5 of nursing school and you are THE REASON! Thank you for what you do, you are gifted! Teaching and nursing are your calling...even long distance! Now that's talent!

[deebaby]

I cannot express how grateful I am for your videos! You make it all make sense, and wrap all the concepts together in a neat little box that ican actually remember!! Your are a Goddess of Knowledge !!

[kidney]

Really great explanation, thank you very much.

[masha]

Hi Sarah! I just wanted to say a big thank you for creating this video. I just took my lecture exam which included AKI and CKD. After watching your videos I was really prepared for it. Thanks for breaking it down!

[roxel]

I'm an NQN and I must say you've really helped me to gain confidence in nursing and improved my clinical judgement. I am so grateful for amazing teachers/nurses like yourself ❤

[alexisnikitopoulos]

I’m about to take my last regular nursing school exam this mornin, then my final exam next week. I just want to thank you from the bottom of my heart. I’ve been watching your videos since prerequisites and you’ve taught me so much! You are the best nursing teacher I’ve ever had! Thank you so much for the time and effort you put into making these incredible videos for us!

[zoylapizano]

Hi Sarah, everything I learned. I learned from you. You helped me through nursing school. Thank you for alleviating the stress. I am able to understand the topics and answer nclex questions. I wish you had more videos cause your the best nursing teacher!!!

[katiakeller]

Thank you so much for these videos. I graduate with my BSN in 18 days and I have my med-surg final on Tuesday and your videos have helped me so much with my classes. I hope to be as good as a teacher as you some day.

[lily]

A big thanks for your videos. You have a way of breaking the content down to make it easy to understand. Please do a video on spinal code injury. God bless you

[Asudacov]

you are a blessing to the nursing students and educators. Thank you very much and continue to educate!

[maggieseto]

Hi Sarah! I just passed nclex today and wanna to say thank you so much for your wonderful videos! You saved my life throughout the nursing school while pandemic! Wish you the best!