The Evolution Of Cinema: From Silent Films To Blockbusters

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Cinematography is the illusion of movement by the recording and subsequent rapid projection of many still photographic pictures on a screen.

Originally a product of 19th-century scientific endeavour, cinema has become a medium of mass entertainment and communication, and today it is a multi-billion-pound industry.

#WHOINVENTEDCINEMA

No one person invented cinema.

However, in 1891 the Edison Company successfully demonstrated a prototype of the Kinetoscope, which enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures.

The first public Kinetoscope demonstration took place in 1893. By 1894 the Kinetoscope was a commercial success, with public parlours established around the world.

The first to present projected moving pictures to a paying audience were the Lumière brothers in December 1895 in Paris, France.

They used a device of their own making, the Cinématographe, which was a camera, a projector and a film printer all in one.

#WHATWEREEARLYFILMSLIKE

At first, films were very short, sometimes only a few minutes or less.

They were shown at fairgrounds, music halls, or anywhere a screen could be set up and a room darkened.

Subjects included local scenes and activities, views of foreign lands, short comedies and newsworthy events.

The films were accompanied by lectures, music and a lot of audience participation.

Although they did not have synchronised dialogue, they were not ‘silent’ as they are sometimes described.

THE RISE OF THE FILM INDUSTRY.

By 1914, Europe, Russia and Scandinavia were the dominant industries; America was much less important.

Films became longer and storytelling, or narrative, became the dominant form.

As more people paid to see movies, the industry which grew around them was prepared to invest more money in their production, distribution and exhibition, so large studios were established.

The First World War greatly affected the film industry in Europe, and the American industry grew in relative importance.

The first 30 years of cinema were characterised by the growth and consolidation of an industrial base, the establishment of the narrative form, and refinement of technology.

ADDING COLOUR.

Colour was first added to black-and-white movies through hand colouring, tinting, toning and stencilling.

By 1906, the principles of colour separation were used to produce so-called ‘natural colour’ moving images with the British Kinemacolor process, first presented to the public in 1909.

Kinemacolor was primarily used for documentary (or ‘actuality’) films, such as the epic With Our King and Queen Through India (also known as The Delhi Durbar) of 1912, which ran for over 2 hours in total.

ADDING SOUND.

The first attempts to add synchronised sound to projected pictures used phonographic cylinders or discs.

The first feature-length movie incorporating synchronised dialogue, The Jazz Singer (USA, 1927), used the Warner Brothers’ Vitaphone system, which employed a separate record disc with each reel of film for the sound.

CINEMA’S GOLDEN AGE.

By the early 1930s, nearly all feature-length movies were presented with synchronised sound and, by the mid-1930s, some were in full colour too.

The advent of sound secured the dominant role of the American industry and gave rise to the so-called ‘Golden Age of Hollywood’.

During the 1930s and 1940s, cinema was the principal form of popular entertainment, with people often attending cinemas twice a week.

Ornate ’super’ cinemas or ‘picture palaces’, offering extra facilities such as cafés and ballrooms, came to towns and cities; many of them could hold over 3,000 people in a single auditorium.

In Britain, the highest attendances occurred in 1946, with over 31 million visits to the cinema each week.

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The history of cinematography dates back to the late 19th century and has evolved significantly over the years. It all began with the invention of the first motion picture camera, the Kinétoscope, by William Kennedy Dickson in 1891, while he was working for Thomas Edison. This device projected images onto a screen, marking the beginning of the cinematography era.

In 1895, the Lumière brothers, Auguste and Louis, invented the Cinématographe, a device that could both record and project motion pictures. This innovation led to the first public screening of a motion picture, which took place on December 28, 1895, in Paris.

Early cinematography primarily focused on capturing short, simple scenes, known as actualities. These included events like sporting competitions, parades, and natural disasters. As the technology advanced, filmmakers began experimenting with narrative storytelling, leading to the creation of the first narrative film, "The Story of the Kelly Gang" in 1906.

The 1910s saw the introduction of new techniques like close-ups, cross-cutting, and camera movement, which allowed filmmakers to tell more engaging and emotionally impactful stories. This era also marked the transition from silent films to talkies with the release of "The Jazz Singer" in 1927.

Color cinematography was introduced in the early 1930s with the Technicolor process, which initially required the use of separate cameras for each color. This process evolved over time, leading to more advanced color systems that could be captured using a single camera.

In the 1940s and 1950s, innovations in camera technology allowed for the development of wide-screen formats like CinemaScope and VistaVision, which provided a more immersive viewing experience. The 1960s and 1970s saw the rise of handheld cameras and the use of natural lighting, contributing to a more realistic and gritty visual style in films like "Bonnie and Clyde" and "The Godfather."

The advent of digital technology in the late 20th century revolutionized cinematography. Digital cameras provided filmmakers with greater control over the image, allowing for easier manipulation in post-production. This also led to the development of high-definition formats and 3D technology.

Today, cinematography continues to evolve with advancements in technology, such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and the rise of streaming platforms that have altered the way films are produced, distributed, and consumed. The future of cinematography will likely involve further integration of technology and innovative storytelling techniques to create even more immersive and engaging experiences for audiences.

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