python typing protocol vs abc

in python, both typing protocols and abstract base classes (abcs) play crucial roles in enforcing and communicating type constraints. understanding the differences between them is essential for writing robust and maintainable code. in this tutorial, we'll explore python typing protocols and abcs, highlighting their distinctions through code examples.
typing protocols in python, introduced in pep 544, provide a way to define structural interfaces for types. they are used to specify common behaviors that types should support without requiring a formal class hierarchy. protocols are mainly enforced by type checkers, such as mypy, but they also serve as documentation for developers.
let's create a simple protocol for objects that can be compared:
here, the comparable protocol defines three methods: __eq__, __lt__, and __gt__. any class that implements these methods will be considered compatible with the comparable protocol.
now, let's create a class that adheres to the comparable protocol:
by implementing the required methods, the point class is now considered to conform to the comparable protocol.
abcs, on the other hand, are a more traditional mechanism for defining interfaces in python. they allow you to create a base class with abstract methods that must be implemented by any concrete subclass.

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