⭕ 7.QUANTISATION OF CHARGE | NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 🔥 QUANTUM OF CHARGE 🔵 PHYSICS 12 CBSE/ISC

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⭕ 7.QUANTISATION OF CHARGE | NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 🔥 QUANTUM OF CHARGE 🔵 PHYSICS 12 CBSE/ISC

⏩Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not, say, 12 e, or −3.8 e, etc.

There are two known sorts of exceptions to the indivisibility of the elementary charge: quarks and quasiparticles.

⏩Quarks, first posited in the 1960s, have quantized charge, but the charge is quantized into multiples of 1/3 e. However, quarks cannot be seen as isolated particles; they exist only in groupings, and stable groupings of quarks (such as a proton, which consists of three quarks) all have charges that are integer multiples of e. For this reason, either 1 e or 1/3 e can be justifiably considered to be "the quantum of charge", depending on the context. This charge commensurability, "charge quantization", has partially motivated Grand unified Theories.
⏩Quasiparticles are not particles as such, but rather an emergent entity in a complex material system that behaves like a particle. In 1982 Robert Laughlin explained the fractional quantum Hall effect by postulating the existence of fractionally charged quasiparticles. This theory is now widely accepted, but this is not considered to be a violation of the principle of charge quantization, since quasiparticles are not elementary particles.

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