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CLOUD experiment: Why is it important for our understanding of climate?
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Role of iodine oxoacids in atmospheric aerosol nucleation.
What has the CLOUD team discovered? We have found that the nucleation rates of iodic acid particles are extremely rapid, even exceeding those of sulfuric acid-ammonia under similar conditions. The particles form especially rapidly on ions from galactic cosmic rays, limited only by the rate of collision with iodic acid molecules (termed the kinetic limit). We have also found that freshly formed particles are composed almost entirely of iodic acid, which drives rapid growth at the kinetic limit. Although we identify iodic acid as the key vapour, a related species – iodous acid – plays an important stabilizing role in the initial steps of neutral (uncharged) particle formation. Our global boundary layer measurements of iodic acid indicate the conditions for abundant iodine new particle formation and rapid growth are frequently reached at coastal mid-latitude and polar sites.
Why is it important for our understanding of climate? Our results indicate that iodic acid particle formation can compete with sulfuric acid in pristine regions of the atmosphere. Moreover, it is a very efficient source of cloud condensation nuclei since a single vapour species drives both nucleation and rapid growth. Iodic acid particle formation is likely to be especially important in marine regions where sulfuric acid and ammonia concentrations are extremely low. Indeed, frequent new particle formation over the high Arctic pack ice has recently been reported, driven by iodic acid with little contribution from sulfuric acid. The implications for the future are notable. Global iodine emissions have increased three-fold over the last 70 years and may continue to increase in the future as sea ice becomes thinner. The resultant increase of iodic acid cloud condensation nuclei could increase longwave radiative forcing from clouds and provide a positive feedback mechanism that accelerates the loss of sea ice in the Arctic.
What has the CLOUD team discovered? We have found that the nucleation rates of iodic acid particles are extremely rapid, even exceeding those of sulfuric acid-ammonia under similar conditions. The particles form especially rapidly on ions from galactic cosmic rays, limited only by the rate of collision with iodic acid molecules (termed the kinetic limit). We have also found that freshly formed particles are composed almost entirely of iodic acid, which drives rapid growth at the kinetic limit. Although we identify iodic acid as the key vapour, a related species – iodous acid – plays an important stabilizing role in the initial steps of neutral (uncharged) particle formation. Our global boundary layer measurements of iodic acid indicate the conditions for abundant iodine new particle formation and rapid growth are frequently reached at coastal mid-latitude and polar sites.
Why is it important for our understanding of climate? Our results indicate that iodic acid particle formation can compete with sulfuric acid in pristine regions of the atmosphere. Moreover, it is a very efficient source of cloud condensation nuclei since a single vapour species drives both nucleation and rapid growth. Iodic acid particle formation is likely to be especially important in marine regions where sulfuric acid and ammonia concentrations are extremely low. Indeed, frequent new particle formation over the high Arctic pack ice has recently been reported, driven by iodic acid with little contribution from sulfuric acid. The implications for the future are notable. Global iodine emissions have increased three-fold over the last 70 years and may continue to increase in the future as sea ice becomes thinner. The resultant increase of iodic acid cloud condensation nuclei could increase longwave radiative forcing from clouds and provide a positive feedback mechanism that accelerates the loss of sea ice in the Arctic.
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