Life Cycle of HIV (Part 01)

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Life Cycle of HIV (Part 01)
HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, has a complex life cycle that involves several stages:

1. Attachment and Entry: The virus binds to a specific receptor, CD4, on the surface of a host cell, typically a T cell. Once attached, the virus fuses with the cell membrane and releases its genetic material into the cell.

2. Reverse Transcription: The viral RNA is converted into DNA by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. This newly formed viral DNA is then transported into the host cell's nucleus.

3. Integration: The viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA with the help of another enzyme called integrase. Once integrated, it becomes a permanent part of the host cell's genetic material.

4. Replication and Transcription: The integrated viral DNA is used by the host cell to produce new viral RNA and proteins. These components are then assembled into new virus particles.

5. Budding and Maturation: The newly formed viral particles bud from the host cell's membrane, taking a piece of the cell membrane as an envelope. The mature virus is now ready to infect other cells and continue the cycle.

Throughout this process, HIV specifically targets the immune system's T cells, weakening the host's ability to defend against infections. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is commonly used to manage HIV infection by inhibiting different stages of the virus's life cycle.

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