Genetic Engineering of Insulin - GCSE Biology | kayscience.com

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You firstly identify the target gene. Using restriction enzymes, you cut the target gene’s DNA, which exposes the sticky ends, which are unpaired DNA bases.

You extract the plasmid DNA from the bacterial cell. Using restriction enzymes, you cut the plasmid DNA, which exposes the sticky ends, which are unpaired DNA bases.

The enzyme ligase will join the sticky ends of the target gene with the sticky ends of the plasmid DNA. The plasmid with the target DNA is now called a vector. The vector is then inserted into the bacterial cell. The bacteria now expresses the target gene, and if the target gene was the insulin gene, the bacterial cell would produce insulin.