Informal Fallacies 1

In this brief video we introduce the concept of Informal Fallacy and examine the four main families of fallacious induction.

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🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation:

This video discusses simple deductive arguments based on categorical propositions.
️ We will learn more about existential import and its effect on immediate inferences.
The video reviews the square of opposition introduced in the previous lecture.
⚖️ The square of opposition shows how categorical propositions relate to each other (contradiction, contrariety, etc.).
✨ We can make immediate inferences based on truth values assigned to propositions on the square.
✅ Assuming a universal affirmative is true lets us infer the truth/falsity of other propositions.
Not all propositions can be determined based on subalternation (e.g., particular affirmative doesn't imply universal).
The video uses "all dogs are mammals" as an example to illustrate inferences.
✨ If a universal affirmative is true (e.g., all dogs are mammals), we can infer some dogs are mammals (subalternation).
This works because Aristotle assumed categories refer to real things (existential import).
❌ If categories are empty (e.g., hobbits), inferences based on existential import are fallacious.
boş Empty sets tell us nothing about individual members because they don't have any.
This is called the existential fallacy.
Boolean squares lack subalternation and contraries because universals don't imply existence.
⚠️ Medieval thinkers recognized issues with existential import for subcontrary propositions.
✅ But we'll mostly focus on Aristotelian logic, where valid inferences rely on existing things.

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