What is the history of Fes Morocco ?

Fes (or Fez), one of Morocco's oldest and most historically significant cities, has a rich and diverse history. Here’s an overview of its development over the centuries:

Foundation and Early Years (8th-9th centuries):

Fes was founded in 789 by Idris I, the founder of the Idrisid dynasty. His son, Idris II, expanded the city significantly. Fes was established on the banks of the Jawhar River.
Two separate settlements initially developed: Madinat Fas by Idris I and Al-'Aliya by Idris II. These were later unified into one city.
Golden Age under the Idrisids (9th-10th centuries):

Fes became a thriving cultural and religious center, attracting scholars, traders, and artisans from various parts of the Muslim world.
The Qarawiyyin Mosque and University, founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri, became one of the leading spiritual and educational centers in the Muslim world.
Zenata and Almoravid Rule (11th-12th centuries):

The Zenata Berbers took control of Fes in the early 11th century.
The Almoravids captured the city in 1069, merging the two settlements and rebuilding parts of the city, including the walls and fortifications.
Almohad and Merinid Periods (12th-15th centuries):

The Almohads conquered Fes in 1145, enhancing its religious and cultural significance.
In the mid-13th century, the Merinid dynasty took over and made Fes their capital. This period saw significant architectural developments, including the construction of madrasas, palaces, and expanded city walls.
Decline and Alaouite Revival (16th-17th centuries):

Fes experienced a decline during the 16th century due to internal strife and the rise of the Saadian dynasty, which favored Marrakech.
In the 17th century, the Alaouite dynasty restored the city’s status. Sultan Moulay Rashid and his successors invested in restoring and developing Fes.
French Protectorate (1912-1956):

Under the French protectorate, Fes initially served as the administrative capital before it was moved to Rabat in 1912.
The French built a new part of the city, Ville Nouvelle, while preserving the historic medina.
Post-Independence (1956-present):

After Morocco gained independence in 1956, Fes retained its cultural and spiritual significance.
Efforts have been made to preserve its historic architecture and heritage, particularly the medina, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Modern Fes:

Today, Fes is known for its well-preserved medieval architecture, bustling souks, and historical monuments. The city is divided into three main parts: Fes el-Bali (the old medina), Fes Jdid (new Fes, developed in the 13th century), and the Ville Nouvelle (new city, developed during the French colonial period).
Fes el-Bali, with its narrow winding streets, historic mosques, and vibrant markets, offers a glimpse into the city’s rich past and remains a major tourist attraction.
Fes’s history is a testament to its resilience and enduring cultural and spiritual importance in Morocco and the broader Muslim world

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