python Force requests to use IPv4 IPv6 Stack Overflow

python: forcing requests to use ipv4 or ipv6

python's `requests` library, by default, uses the system's default network stack, which might attempt to use ipv6 first before falling back to ipv4. this can be problematic if your network has ipv6 connectivity issues, or if you need to specifically test your application's behaviour on a single ip version. this tutorial provides a detailed walkthrough on how to force `requests` to use either ipv4 or ipv6 exclusively.

**understanding the problem:**

the underlying issue lies in the system's socket handling. when you make a request using `requests`, it creates a socket that attempts to resolve the hostname using the system's dns resolver. this resolver, depending on your system's configuration, may return both ipv4 and ipv6 addresses. `requests` then typically tries to connect using the first returned address (often ipv6). if ipv6 connection fails (e.g., due to a firewall or lack of ipv6 support), the request might fail without trying ipv4.

**methods to force ipv4 or ipv6:**

this method provides the most control over the ip version selection. we'll manually resolve the hostname to obtain the desired ip addresses and then use those addresses in our `requests` call.

**explanation:**

3. **address extraction:** the code extracts the ip address from the `getaddrinfo` results.

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