BIT RATE , BAND WITH and BAUD RATE in Networking

A baud rate, or Symbol rate, denotes how quickly you can change symbols on a channel every second.

Bandwidth denotes how many raw bits can be delivered in a second on that channel. We call this quantity the Data signaling rate.

If you carry one bit per symbol (2 states), for example, 12V = 1 and -12V = 0, your bandwidth is your baud rate.

If you carry two bits per symbol (4 states), for example, 12V = 00, 6V = 01, -6V = 10 and 12V = 11, your bandwidth is 2x your baud rate.

There are tons of tricks to pack more bits per symbol measuring amplitude, phase, frequency, or even trellis modulation. Some of the more common modulation schemes fit six bits per symbol.

Your effective bandwidth is less than your data signalling rate (raw bandwidth), since some of the bits are dedicated to timing synchronization, error correction, and management.

[monikasareen]

Its written in the books. please explain clearly what it is.