How to update values in a python dictionary

updating values in a python dictionary is a straightforward process. a dictionary in python is a mutable data structure that consists of key-value pairs. you can update the value associated with a specific key, add a new key-value pair, or even remove a key-value pair.

### basic concepts

1. **dictionary creation**: a dictionary is created using curly braces `{}` or the `dict()` function.
2. **key-value pairs**: each item in a dictionary is a pair that consists of a key and its corresponding value.
3. **mutable**: dictionaries can be modified after their creation.

### updating values in a dictionary

to update a value in a dictionary, you simply access the key and assign a new value to it. if the key does not exist, a new key-value pair is created.

### example

here's a step-by-step example demonstrating how to update values in a python dictionary.

### output explanation

1. **original dictionary**: the initial state of `student_info` is displayed.
2. **updated age**: the age of the student is updated from 22 to 23.
3. **added gpa**: a new key-value pair for gpa is added.
4. **updated nested grade**: the math grade within the nested `grades` dictionary is updated from 90 to 95.
5. **key existence check**: a check is performed before updating the name to ensure that the key exists in the dictionary.

### conclusion

updating values in a python dictionary is simple and can be done directly by assigning a new value to an existing key or by adding a new key-value pair. this flexibility makes dictionaries a powerful data structure for managing key-value relationships in python.

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