History of computing hardware | Wikipedia audio article

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00:01:14 1 Early devices
00:01:23 1.1 Ancient and medieval
00:03:37 1.2 Renaissance calculating tools
00:04:55 1.3 Mechanical calculators
00:07:11 1.4 Punched-card data processing
00:09:30 1.5 Calculators
00:11:08 2 First general-purpose computing device
00:14:27 3 Analog computers
00:18:01 4 Advent of the digital computer
00:19:32 4.1 Electromechanical computers
00:22:19 4.2 Digital computation
00:24:10 4.3 Electronic data processing
00:25:56 4.4 The electronic programmable computer
00:31:11 5 Stored-program computer
00:31:54 5.1 Theory
00:33:28 5.2 Manchester Baby
00:35:29 5.3 Manchester Mark 1
00:36:45 5.4 EDSAC
00:37:48 5.5 EDVAC
00:38:39 5.6 Commercial computers
00:41:44 5.7 Microprogramming
00:42:42 6 Magnetic memory
00:43:53 7 Early digital computer characteristics
00:44:03 8 Transistor computers
00:47:30 8.1 Transistorized peripherals
00:49:20 8.2 Supercomputers
00:50:42 9 Integrated circuit
00:52:21 10 Post-1960 (integrated circuit based)
01:00:02 11 Epilogue
01:00:48 12 See also



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SUMMARY
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The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. Before the 20th century, most calculations were done by humans. Early mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations, such as the abacus, were called "calculating machines", called by proprietary names, or referred to as calculators. The machine operator was called the computer.
The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then manipulate the device to obtain the result. Later, computers represented numbers in a continuous form, for instance distance along a scale, rotation of a shaft, or a voltage. Numbers could also be represented in the form of digits, automatically manipulated by a mechanical mechanism. Although this approach generally required more complex mechanisms, it greatly increased the precision of results. A series of breakthroughs, such as miniaturized transistor computers, and the integrated circuit, caused digital computers to largely replace analog computers. The cost of computers gradually became so low that by the 1990s, personal computers, and then, in the 2000s, mobile computers, (smartphones and tablets) became ubiquitous.