Custom format specifiers for python classes

in python, you can define custom format specifiers for your classes by implementing the `__format__` method. this allows you to control how instances of your class are formatted when using the built-in `format()` function or when using formatted string literals (f-strings).

### overview of `__format__`

the `__format__(self, format_spec)` method is called when you use format strings. the `format_spec` parameter is a string that specifies how the value should be formatted. you can define custom behavior based on the `format_spec` provided.

### example: custom class with format specifiers

let's create a simple class called `point` that represents a point in a 2d space. we will implement custom formatting for this class to allow different representations based on the format specifier.

### explanation

1. **constructor**: the `__init__` method initializes the `point` class with `x` and `y` coordinates.

2. **custom format method**:
- the `__format__` method checks the value of `format_spec`.
- if `format_spec` is `'r'`, it returns the coordinates in rectangular format.
- if `format_spec` is `'p'`, it computes the polar coordinates (radius and angle) using the `math` module.
- if `format_spec` is `'c'`, it returns a custom string representation.
- if none of the above conditions match, it defaults to a standard representation.

3. **usage**: you can use the `format()` function or f-strings to get the desired representation of the `point` object.

### conclusion

by implementing the `__format__` method, you can easily create custom format specifiers for your python classes. this enhances the flexibility and readability of your class instances when formatting is needed. you can extend this further by adding more custom format specifiers as needed for your specific use case.

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