Real life examples of BMD and SFD, Types of loading and beam

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BMD(Bending moment diagram ) is a diagram representing the variation of bending moment along the length of member . SFD(shear force diagram ) is diagram representing variation of shear force along the length of structural member .

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1. Dead Loads (DL)

The first vertical load that is considered is dead load. Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to structure throughout the life span. Dead load is primarily due to self weight of structural members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipments and weight of different materials. It majorly consists of the weight of roofs, beams, walls and column etc. which are otherwise the permanent parts of the building.

2. Imposed Loads or Live Loads (IL or LL)

The second vertical load that is considered in design of a structure is imposed loads or live loads. Live loads are either movable or moving loads with out any acceleration or impact. These loads are assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the building including weights of movable partitions or furniture etc..

Live loads keeps on changing from time to time. These loads are to be suitably assumed by the designer. It is one of the major load in the design. The minimum values of live loads to be assumed are given in IS 875 (part 2)–1987. It depends upon the intended use of the building.

The code gives the values of live loads for the following occupancy classification:

Residential buildings–dwelling houses, hotels, hostels, boiler rooms and plant rooms, garages

Educational buildings

Institutional buildings

Assembly buildings

Business and office buildings

Mercantile buildings

Industrial buildings, and

Storage rooms.

3. Wind loads

Wind load is primarily horizontal load caused by the movement of air relative to earth. Wind load is required to be considered in structural design especially when the heath of the building exceeds two times the dimensions transverse to the exposed wind surface.

For low rise building say up to four to five stories, the wind load is not critical because the moment of resistance provided by the continuity of floor system to column connection and walls provided between columns are sufficient to accommodate the effect of these forces. Further in limit state method the factor for design load is reduced to 1.2 (DL+LL+WL) when wind is considered as against the factor of 1.5(DL+LL) when wind is not considered.

4. Snow Loads (SL)

Snow loads constitute to the vertical loads in the building. But these types of loads are considered only in the snow fall places. The IS 875 (part 4) – 1987 deals with snow loads on roofs of the building.

The minimum snow load on a roof area or any other area above ground which is subjected to snow accumulation is obtained by the expression

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