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Research difficulties
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Levels of evidence (Dr. Sackett)
I = Meta analyses or RCT with clear cut results
II = Small RCT with unclear results
III = Cohort or case control study
IV = Historical cohort of case-control studies
V = Case series studies with no controls
Practice recommendations
A = Strong recommendation
Level I evidence or consistent findings
B = Recommendation
Level II, III or IV but consistent
C = Opinion
Evidence but inconsistent
D = Opinion
Level V evidence or no systematic empirical evidence
Research on covid-19 is suffering “imperfect incentives at every stage” (28th May)
Cite bate
Scientists and journalists
Journalists are reporting on more preprint studies that have not been peer reviewed and vary in quality
What we are seeing is worrying signs of a compromise in quality
There is an urgent need for data and knowledge, but false information is worse than no information
2181 publications
304 (14%) primary research papers,
218 (72%) of primary papers observational
82 (27%) of which peer reviewed
Therefore 3.7% of all publications peer reviewed primary research
Greater transparency needed
I = Meta analyses or RCT with clear cut results
II = Small RCT with unclear results
III = Cohort or case control study
IV = Historical cohort of case-control studies
V = Case series studies with no controls
Practice recommendations
A = Strong recommendation
Level I evidence or consistent findings
B = Recommendation
Level II, III or IV but consistent
C = Opinion
Evidence but inconsistent
D = Opinion
Level V evidence or no systematic empirical evidence
Research on covid-19 is suffering “imperfect incentives at every stage” (28th May)
Cite bate
Scientists and journalists
Journalists are reporting on more preprint studies that have not been peer reviewed and vary in quality
What we are seeing is worrying signs of a compromise in quality
There is an urgent need for data and knowledge, but false information is worse than no information
2181 publications
304 (14%) primary research papers,
218 (72%) of primary papers observational
82 (27%) of which peer reviewed
Therefore 3.7% of all publications peer reviewed primary research
Greater transparency needed
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