Calling the Wolfram Language from Java, JavaScript, Python, Bash and Back and Forth

A key feature for current technologies that are making the fourth industrial revolution happen is the capability to talk and communicate dynamically with different programming languages. Let's see examples of how to call and be called from the Wolfram Language with other popular programming languages—and how to easily integrate and have the advantage of Wolfram technology with its symbolic computation, algorithms, math, curated data, graphics, AI and machine learning capabilities with any existing legacy tech—to create innovative resources and automation.