The Man Who Went From Doing Drugs To Saving Millions

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A massive thank you to Tom White, Hudson Freeze, and Henry Erlich for their time and expertise on the subject.

A huge thank you to Eleni Kleanthous, Jan Novoselec, Kieran Sparkes, Andrew Garcia, and UCSD’s Pride Lab for reviewing the science.

00:00 DNA under a microscope
01:17 Kary Mullis at Berkeley
02:50 Cetus and early biotech
04:16 How to detect sickle cell anemia
09:12 Kary Mullis at Cetus
10:39 Infinite DNA glitch explained
15:29 Kary Mullis struggles
18:10 Thermus Aquaticus to the rescue
23:53 Going public
26:59 The quirky genius, Kary Mullis

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Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, and wolfee


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References:

Images & Video:

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Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Latif Nasser
Written by Gregor Čavlović, Latif Nasser, and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Ivy Tello, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, and Alex Drakoulis
Illustrated by Emma Wright, Maria Gusakovich, and Jakub Misiek,
Filmed by Derek Muller, Alex Gorosh, and Gregor Čavlović
Additional research by Geeta Thakur and Gabriel Bean
Produced by Derek Muller, Latif Nasser, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, James Horsley, Luke Lewis, Matthew Cavanagh, Barbara Abraul, Henry Van Dyck, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Maria Gusakovich, Emma Wright, Jakub Misiek, and Tommy Steven

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
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2:22 Of course a PhD student would end up in a bakery after submitting their thesis

fetilu
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the biologist working with bacteria at boiling temperatures was named Freeze?? that is so perfect

johnchessant
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the fact that he wasn't fired the day that machine arrived was a miracle

caldas
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This video is going to break the record for most title changes in 24hrs.

jermainebeea
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It's crazy how two completely unrelated, seemingly useless discoveries can come together to form something so great. Goes to show that we should never assume something is pointless before trying it

Nethaura
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I can't imagine being offered a job at a dna research company while just at a bakery. I can't imagine getting to keep your job after it's been automated. I can't imagine getting to pitch a new way of doing things and getting a whole team of people to explore the idea.

SlipperyTeeth
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Hudson Freeze is also a glycobiologist who made incredible discoveries on many diseases.

jpgourdine
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The big difference is that the automation that “took” his job actually allowed him the paid time he needed to invent PCR because unlike any of us who will lose our jobs to automation, he wasn’t dismissed when the more efficient method came online.

SkiRedMtn
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There's nothing better than a Veritasium molecular biology video on a cold winter day

markojojic
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the amount of title and thumbnail changes are

paktatpeter
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Teachers: “Stay in school and don’t do drugs”

Kary Mullis: “I made PCR and the credit goes to drugs 😵‍💫”

Frozen_RL
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I think the team at Cetus deserves just as much recognition as Mullis, if not more. We'd be nowhere without them, and props to the manager that recognised the chance

dmt
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Thank god he didn't crash the car during his Eureka moment 💀

Nethaura
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I really appreciate how versatile your content is, Derek. Im a biochem major, and have watched your content for years thank you!

Cjtormey
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31:30 - I need to add one important caveat: His job was taken over by a machine *and they were still paying him what he needed to survive.*
He wasn't exactly discovering this stuff as he was kicked out and had to work at a bakery to survive, his needs were met while a machine was doing the bulk of his job.
That potential to create extraordinary things while one's needs are met and they have spare time is universal. As long as we invest in meeting their needs first.
“I am, somehow, less interested in the weight and convolutions of Einstein’s brain than in the near certainty that people of equal talent have lived and died in cotton fields and sweatshops.”
― Stephen Jay Gould

Scarker
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Veritasium is changing this video's identity more frequently than CGP Grey, quite impressive.

SDStudiosAnimations
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From watching objects being destroyed in slow-mo I'm finally learning new things an effective way. Derek, thank you so much.

valmatcine
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Hello, this is the best explanation of PCR I have seen. Having defended my PhD in molecular biology in 2006, I can attest that PCR is certainly the most used method in the labs today and have opened so many doors in knowledge and diagnosis possibilities. Thanks for this video ! Next time my friends asks about what I do, I’ll send them the link !

vincentroeder
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Original title: How The Weirdest Guy Won The Nobel Prize

smellthel
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How many thumbnails should we make?

Veritasium: yes

ivanbergerov