SQL tutorial for beginners | Part 3 | Primary key & foreign key

In today's SQL tutorial we will learn more about the primary key and the foreign key which are both crucial parts of sql tables.

A primary key is a special key which uniquely identifies each record in a table. It is very important in the relational database to have a unique identifier in each row of a table and primary key is just the thing you need to uniquely identify a tuple within a table. A tuple represents a set of value attributes in a relational database. A primary key may refer to a column or a set of columns in a relational database table used to implicitly identify all records in the table. The primary key must be unique for each record as it acts as a unique identifier and it should not contain Null values. Each database must have one and only one primary key.

A foreign key refers to a field or a collection of fields in a database record that uniquely identifies a key field of another database record in some other table. In simple terms, it establishes a link between records in two different tables in a database. It can be a column in a table that points to the primary key columns meaning a foreign key defined in a table refers to the primary key of some other table. References are crucial in relational databases to establish links between records which is essential for sorting databases. Foreign keys play an important role in relational database normalization especially when tables need to access other tables.

What is SQL?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standardized programming language that's used to manage relational databases and perform various operations on the data in them. Initially created in the 1970s, SQL is regularly used not only by database administrators, but also by developers writing data integration scripts and data analysts looking to set up and run analytical queries.

The uses of SQL include modifying database table and index structures; adding, updating and deleting rows of data; and retrieving subsets of information from within a database for transaction processing and analytics applications. Queries and other SQL operations take the form of commands written as statements -- commonly used SQL statements include select, add, insert, update, delete, create, alter and truncate.

SQL became the de facto standard programming language for relational databases after they emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Also known as SQL databases, relational systems comprise a set of tables containing data in rows and columns. Each column in a table corresponds to a category of data -- for example, customer name or address -- while each row contains a data value for the intersecting column.
SQL standard and proprietary extensions

An official SQL standard was adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986 and then by the International Organization for Standardization, known as ISO, in 1987. More than a half-dozen joint updates to the standard have been released by the two standards development bodies since then; as of this writing, the most recent version is SQL:2011, approved that year.

[hubonelove]

bro i was to high to understand sql but i'd found you and you were high too so we understood each other that was phenomenal thnx

[finalfantasy]

Thank you soooo much…. Finally someone who breaks this down soooo simple… and clear

[woodstock]

Clearly and patiently explained. Thank you! Well done!

[TcRiverrat]

What an excellent explanation. Thank you so much for including examples! VERY helpful for me right now.

[Jason-zrom]

Thank you that cleared up confusion. They ask about this on the CPA Exam.

[aliedora]

Thanks, this helped me to refresh my long forgotten knowledge from University)

[TheReluctantCoder]

Thank you! This was one of the best examples, helped a lot. :)

[kylearby]

Thanks for the informative video, you made it very easy to understand!

[LuciaSilva-ekqr]

Very clear your explanation. Thank you!

[MrKevin-wure]

For the email part you said the wrong thing. You cannot have a duplicate email because emails are unique, so technically an email can be a primary key.