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T-REX (Terahertz Radiation EXperiment):
Coherently controlled THz generation
Sandwiched between the optical and microwave regimes, far infrared or terahertz (1 THz = 1012 Hz) frequency range has recently drawn special attention due to its ubiquitous nature (see Fig. 1). THz radiation (or T-rays) can easily pass through non-polar materials such as clothing, paper, plastics, wood and ceramics. This property allows many applications in molecular sensing, biomedical imaging and spectroscopy, security scanners, and plasma diagnostics. In particular, THz spectroscopy holds great promise for molecular sensing. Recent work on stem cells shows that T-rays have potential for controlling cellular gene expression.
Terahertz phenomena occurring in natural and man-made things—small molecules rotate at THz frequencies; gaseous plasmas oscillate at THz frequencies; highly-excited electrons in Rydberg atoms orbit at THz frequencies; electrons in semiconductors and their nanostructures resonate at THz frequencies; biomolecules such as DNA and proteins vibrate at THz frequencies.
These applications provide strong motivation to advance the state of the art in THz source development. In particular, high-energy THz generation is vital for application in nonlinear THz optics and spectroscopy. Currently, intense THz radiation pulses exceeding tens of micro-Joules can be obtained from large accelerator facilities such as linear accelerators, synchrotrons, and free electron lasers. However, due to the large cost of building and operating those facilities and limited access, there is a present and growing demand for high-energy, compact THz sources at a tabletop scale.
One potential approach is using tabletop ultrafast lasers to produce coherent light ranging from X-rays to THz via novel frequency up/down conversion techniques. There are many tabletop methods for generating intense THz radiation, but THz generation in solids is fundamentally limited by material damage, which is a main obstacle for effective THz energy scaling. For example, to avoid THz saturation and material damage, extremely large samples (tens of centimeters to meters) of THz-producing materials are needed to take full advantage of modern tabletop lasers capable of providing multi-terawatt (1012 W) up to petawatt (1015 W) powers. Given this situation, plasma is an ideal choice for scalable THz generation because it is already broken down, and there is no concern about material damage.
We have studied intense coherent THz generation in plasmas, especially the generation mechanism of THz pulses in two-color laser mixing [1-10]. In this scheme, an ultrafast pulsed laser's fundamental and second harmonic fields are mixed in a gas of atoms or molecules, causing them to ionize. Microscopically, the laser fields act to suppress the atom's or molecule's Coulomb potential barrier, and, via rapid tunneling ionization, bound electrons are freed. The electrons, once liberated, oscillate at the laser frequencies, and also drift away from their parent ions at velocities determined by the laser field amplitudes and the relative phase between the two laser fields (see Fig. 2). Depending on the relative phase, symmetry can be broken to produce a net directional electron current. As this current occurs on the timescale of photoionization, for sub-picosecond lasers, it can generate electromagnetic radiation at THz frequencies.
THz generation via two-color photoionization in a gas by mixing the fundamental and second harmonic of ultrafast laser pulses. (a) Combined two-color laser field (solid line) and the trajectories of electrons (dotted lines) liberated at four different phases. (b) THz beam profile imaged by a two-dimensional electro-optic technique. (c) Computed radiation spectra of anti-correlated THz and third harmonic with two different relative phases.
This THz generation mechanism turns out to be closely related to the mechanism used to explain high harmonic generation (HHG) in gases, as both processes originate from a common source, that is, a nonlinear electron current. The electrons re-colliding with the parent ions are responsible for HHG, whereas the electrons drifting away from the ions without experiencing re-scattering ions account for THz generation.
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