Chapter 1 The World since 1991 Class 12 Political science Maharashtra Board std 12th new Syllabus

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The fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the eventual disintegration of the Soviet Union ended the cold war era. It also ended the East- West division of the world that was based on the rivalry of the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies.
The developments in the post-cold war period can be analyzed through five major dimensions:
(i) End of Cold War and rise of new states : The end of Cold War led to the end of an international order dominated by the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. It also saw the emergence of new states after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
(ii) Emergence of Unipolarity : The Cold War between United States and the Soviet Union came to end signaling the end of bipolarity. This led to the emergence of a unipolar world order dominated by the United States.
(iii) Human Rights and Humanitarian intervention : There was an increasing awareness about human rights and also a rise in intervention for humanitarian purposes.
(iv) Terrorism : The nature of terrorism changed after the 11 September 2001 attacks (also known as 9/11 attacks) against the United States.
(v) Multipolarity and Regionalism : This phase primarily saw the rise of China and India, the growing importance of the Indo-Pacific region and also the rise of Russia under Vladimir Putin. These developments and the growth of regionalism brought in multipolarity in the world order. Regions and regional organisations started to become more important. End of Cold War and Rise of New States We can see two important trends in international relations since the East European revolution of 1989. The first is the assertion of the concept of ethnic nationalism based on right to self-determination and the second is the end of bipolarity. Bipolarity existed because of the existence of the two superpowers, United States and the Soviet Union. The world was divided into two centers of power. The disintegration of the Soviet Union ended one of the centers of power. Therefore, the disintegration of the Soviet Union meant the end of bipolarity in the world. The revolution of the East European states was a revolution of growing aspirations of the middle class. They desired more freedom and economic well-being. They rose against the communist governments that were controlled by the Soviet Union and emerged as free democratic states. Even within the Soviet Union the movement for more political and economic freedom led to the various states demanding more autonomy and eventually independence. Meanwhile, the ethnic identity of the various people of the region became stronger. This led to the demand for the creation of independent states based on ethnic identity. Here are some examples of this trend: • In Europe the pattern of creation of new states can be seen as follows: - Czechoslovakia split into two states, Czech Republic and Slav Republic. - Yugoslavia split into Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Montenegro. • In case of the former Soviet Union the new states were as follows: - Armenia, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Russia. • The trend of creation of new states on the basis of ethnic nationalism based right to self-determination was also seen in other parts of the world. Some of the new countries that emerged as independent states were: - East Timor (independent from Indonesia), - Eretria (independent from Ethiopia), - South Sudan (independent from Sudan). • This trend of demand for independence on the basis of ethnic nationalism is also seen in the following cases: - Catalonia (wants independence from Spain) - Kosovo (wants independence from Serbia. Its independence has been recognised by some countries of Europe) - Chechnya (wants independence from Russia)
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Thank sooo much sir for making lectures on his, eco, Pol sci, 🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻🙏🏻😊😊 plz sir geography, hindi n English ke liye fir lectures bnaye sir plz class 12 arts HSC

ManishaPatil-rpfx
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Sir you will definitely be the cricket commentator 😅 please try i really say sir your explaination is truly out of standing 🎉👍💯💪

shaziyachunewala
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Sir 😔😔😔please important questions par ek video banao na please please please please please please sir 🥺🙏🙏🙏🙏😣😖

shama
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Thank you sir for explaining pol sci I was looking for its explanation

kalpanamandal
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Notes and ipm questions for political science are available on telegram or not?

saniyashaikh
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Sirr please also take sociology lecture

srushtichavan
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Sir aap bhut behtareen explain karte ho, , aap un minimum logo me se ho jo arts ke subjects bhi cover krte hai, thanks a lot sir, plz aap inke menti quiz bhi lijiyega..🤗🤗.


And sir sorry to say but aap hindi bhut bhut hard bolte ho 😅..

afrahsyeda
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Sir please make a video for important questions and revision for Political science

lolabunny
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Your explanations are amazing you have helped me in understanding the pol, thank you so much.
Plz aage ke ch ke bhi video banao na sir plz it's a request

AnjaliKaranje
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Sir plz make video for 2 ch of Pol sci

ManishaPatil-rpfx
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Hello sir your explanation is the best can u please make sociology and psychology lectures too for 12th arts HSC❤❤❤

sohamalkunte
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Thank you sir for explaining political science

efmyqze
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Sir 11th mh board computer science ke liye kon sa channel achha hai ❓❓❓

somidubey
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Sir please lectures on philosophy of HSC it's a request please 🥺

diyakapasi
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Sir can uh please tell the weightage of each chapters ASAP
I have exam from next month onwards.
Please🙏

fatimashaikh
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Sir please explain all the chapters sir please 🙏🏻🙏🏻

missmoon-nrom
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Sir Poltical science ka revision video dalo please 🥺

Sakshuu
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Hello sir Kal political science ka paper hai kuch important batao na sir 😨

tofikshaikh
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Sir plz political ka karwa dijiye 29 ko exam hai marathon ya revision types

BindaasBandi
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Sir ye bhi code type padhaona sir eco ki traha please

fusniiy