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static variables in java: convenience vs. the "evil" reputation

static variables in java are a powerful feature, but they've gained a somewhat negative reputation in certain circles. this tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of static variables, explain why they're sometimes considered "evil" (or at least problematic), and provide practical examples to illustrate the concepts.

**what are static variables?**

in java, a `static` variable (also known as a class variable) belongs to the *class itself*, rather than to any particular *instance* (object) of that class. this means:

1. **shared by all instances:** all objects created from the class share a single copy of the static variable. modifying the static variable through one object will reflect the change in all other objects of the same class.

3. **initialized only once:** static variables are initialized only once, when the class is loaded into memory. this happens before any objects of the class are created.

4. **memory allocation:** static variables are stored in the static memory area, which is separate from the heap (where objects are stored).

**syntax:**

**example:**

in this example, `count` is a static variable. every time a `counter` object is created, `count` is incremented. this means all `counter` objects share the same `count` value, reflecting the total number of `counter` objects created. `instancenumber` on the other hand, is unique to each `counter` object.

**when are static variables useful?**

static variables are useful in several scenarios:

1. **constants:** declaring constants. use `static final` to create constants that cannot be changed after initialization. ...

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