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BURNHOPE & TUNSTALL RESERVOIR, By Drone, JUNE 2022
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Burnhope Reservoir is a reservoir above the village of Wearhead, County Durham, England.
The reservoir was created by the construction of an earth embankment dam across the valley of Burnhope Burn, a tributary of the River Wear, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) above Wearhead. Construction of the dam began in 1931 and was completed in 1937; an extensive network of narrow gauge railways, the Burnhope Reservoir railway, was used during the construction of the dam. Filling of the reservoir commenced in 1936 and resulted in the drowning of the former village of Burnhope.
This is an extract about Burnhope Reservoir from a very old school paper booklet entitled Hill View to Burnhope which belonged to my late Mam’s family who lived at Burnhope Reservoir House (John and Annie Peadon and their children Tom, Fred, Nancy and Bessie (my Mam).
“Burnhope Reservoir
Before 1930, Burnhope Burn was a pretty little moorland tributary of the River Wear, spanned by an old stone bridge, to service the farms dotted here and there in the wild valley.
Though this valley was so far away from our big towns and villages, water engineers had been examining it for many years. Scattered here and there were rain gauges which enabled the engineers to forecast that on the average, Burnhope would have 50 inches of rain in a year – that is, if all the water stayed on the surface, it would be over the head of our tallest boy. Sunderland has only 25 inches of rain per year. (I wonder why?).
The engineers also learnt that Burnhope was 1305 feet above sea level and perhaps a little experiment will show you why that fact is so important.
Get two big cans from the Woodwork Room, and on one paint B for Burnhope, and on the other, S for Sunderland, Fill B with water and stand it on a platform about 6 inches high. Put a length of rubber tubing into B, and draw the water through so that it runs into S. As the water is running, lift B gently. What do you notice about the flow of water? What has this to do with the height of Burnhope? Put B back on its stand. When does the water stop running?
From the information the engineers had gained in these years, they were able to calculate that by building a dam 135 feet high across the Burn valley, the water falling on about 16 square miles of land could be collected. The dam would form a reservoir which would hold about 1,300 million gallons of water, which even in a long dry spell (drought) would supply nine and a quarter million gallons a day.
Such a huge job of course required a great deal of money. The Reservoir itself cost £850,000, and this huge sum was found by the Durham County Water Board and the Sunderland and South Shields Water Company. The Sunderland Company had also to find some one and a quarter million pounds to build a filtration plant, and to lay the pipeline.
You may have seen many pictures of great concrete dams, but the engineers decided in this case to build an earth embankment to serve the same purpose.
The Pipeline
From the Reservoir, the water is conducted to the Filtration Plant at Wearhead. Here it is purified with chemicals and filtered through sand, and then it goes on its long journey to Sunderland.
The pipeline is about 44 miles long and in the course of its journey crosses the Wear twice and it is laid in a special subway under the railway at Crook. It also crosses many other streams and three railways.
The pipeline is made up of steel pipes 26 feet long and from 22 to 30 inches in diameter. Each pipe is coated inside and out to prevent the water attacking the steel from the inside, and chemicals in the ground from the outside. The line runs through a district honeycombed with colliery workings, which cause the ground to sink. The pipe is guarded against this “subsidence” by having “flexible” (bendable) joints. The whole pipeline weighs about 10,000 tons and 10,000 joints were used in its construction.
The water is stored in two reservoirs, one at Easington, 512 feet and one at Stonygate, 412 feet. The tremendous drop in height produces a very high pressure and break-pressure stations have been built at Frosterley and Brandon.”
Tunstall Reservoir.
Tunstall Reservoir was a water supply storage reservoir completed in 1879, and now used solely to maintain minimum regulatory flows on the River Wear in northeast England. It is situated in the north Pennines of the United Kingdom, and lies 3.5 km north of the village of Wolsingham, in Weardale, County Durham. The earthen embankment dam, which impounds the reservoir, is recognized as the location where pressure grouting with cement grout was first utilized in 1876 by engineer Thomas Hawksley, to reduce leakage within the rock foundation under an earth dam. Pressure grouting has since become normal practice for construction and remediation at dams and related water resource projects.
The reservoir was created by the construction of an earth embankment dam across the valley of Burnhope Burn, a tributary of the River Wear, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) above Wearhead. Construction of the dam began in 1931 and was completed in 1937; an extensive network of narrow gauge railways, the Burnhope Reservoir railway, was used during the construction of the dam. Filling of the reservoir commenced in 1936 and resulted in the drowning of the former village of Burnhope.
This is an extract about Burnhope Reservoir from a very old school paper booklet entitled Hill View to Burnhope which belonged to my late Mam’s family who lived at Burnhope Reservoir House (John and Annie Peadon and their children Tom, Fred, Nancy and Bessie (my Mam).
“Burnhope Reservoir
Before 1930, Burnhope Burn was a pretty little moorland tributary of the River Wear, spanned by an old stone bridge, to service the farms dotted here and there in the wild valley.
Though this valley was so far away from our big towns and villages, water engineers had been examining it for many years. Scattered here and there were rain gauges which enabled the engineers to forecast that on the average, Burnhope would have 50 inches of rain in a year – that is, if all the water stayed on the surface, it would be over the head of our tallest boy. Sunderland has only 25 inches of rain per year. (I wonder why?).
The engineers also learnt that Burnhope was 1305 feet above sea level and perhaps a little experiment will show you why that fact is so important.
Get two big cans from the Woodwork Room, and on one paint B for Burnhope, and on the other, S for Sunderland, Fill B with water and stand it on a platform about 6 inches high. Put a length of rubber tubing into B, and draw the water through so that it runs into S. As the water is running, lift B gently. What do you notice about the flow of water? What has this to do with the height of Burnhope? Put B back on its stand. When does the water stop running?
From the information the engineers had gained in these years, they were able to calculate that by building a dam 135 feet high across the Burn valley, the water falling on about 16 square miles of land could be collected. The dam would form a reservoir which would hold about 1,300 million gallons of water, which even in a long dry spell (drought) would supply nine and a quarter million gallons a day.
Such a huge job of course required a great deal of money. The Reservoir itself cost £850,000, and this huge sum was found by the Durham County Water Board and the Sunderland and South Shields Water Company. The Sunderland Company had also to find some one and a quarter million pounds to build a filtration plant, and to lay the pipeline.
You may have seen many pictures of great concrete dams, but the engineers decided in this case to build an earth embankment to serve the same purpose.
The Pipeline
From the Reservoir, the water is conducted to the Filtration Plant at Wearhead. Here it is purified with chemicals and filtered through sand, and then it goes on its long journey to Sunderland.
The pipeline is about 44 miles long and in the course of its journey crosses the Wear twice and it is laid in a special subway under the railway at Crook. It also crosses many other streams and three railways.
The pipeline is made up of steel pipes 26 feet long and from 22 to 30 inches in diameter. Each pipe is coated inside and out to prevent the water attacking the steel from the inside, and chemicals in the ground from the outside. The line runs through a district honeycombed with colliery workings, which cause the ground to sink. The pipe is guarded against this “subsidence” by having “flexible” (bendable) joints. The whole pipeline weighs about 10,000 tons and 10,000 joints were used in its construction.
The water is stored in two reservoirs, one at Easington, 512 feet and one at Stonygate, 412 feet. The tremendous drop in height produces a very high pressure and break-pressure stations have been built at Frosterley and Brandon.”
Tunstall Reservoir.
Tunstall Reservoir was a water supply storage reservoir completed in 1879, and now used solely to maintain minimum regulatory flows on the River Wear in northeast England. It is situated in the north Pennines of the United Kingdom, and lies 3.5 km north of the village of Wolsingham, in Weardale, County Durham. The earthen embankment dam, which impounds the reservoir, is recognized as the location where pressure grouting with cement grout was first utilized in 1876 by engineer Thomas Hawksley, to reduce leakage within the rock foundation under an earth dam. Pressure grouting has since become normal practice for construction and remediation at dams and related water resource projects.
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