Creating python function docstrings and running doctests

docstrings are used to provide documentation for python functions, modules, and classes. they are enclosed in triple quotes and can be accessed using the `__doc__` attribute of the object. docstrings are particularly useful for documenting the purpose of a function, its parameters, return values, and any additional information that might be helpful for users.

to create a docstring for a python function, you simply write a string within triple quotes immediately after the function definition. here is an example of a function with a docstring:

in the above example, the docstring provides information about what the function does, the parameters it expects, and the return value it produces. this information can be accessed by users or other developers who are using the function.

doctests are a way to include example code in the docstring and automatically run and verify the code when the module is executed. this helps ensure that the code examples in the documentation are correct and up-to-date.

to include doctests in a docstring, you write the example code in the docstring following the python interactive interpreter style prompts () and expected outputs. here is an example of including a doctest in a docstring:

to run the doctests included in the function docstrings, you can use the `doctest` module. here is an example of how to run the doctests for the `multiply` function:

when you execute the above code, python will run the example code included in the `multiply` function docstring and compare the output with the expected output. if there are any discrepancies, python will raise an error indicating the failed test.

in summary, docstrings are essential for documenting python functions, and including doctests in docstrings helps ensure the accuracy of the examples provided in the documentation.

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