American Pageant Chapter 36 APUSH Review (Period 8 1950s America)

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Review of American Pageant (Kennedy) Chapter 36, American History (Brinkley) Chapter 28, America’s History (Henretta) Chapter 25-27.

TOPIC 8.2 The Cold War from 1945 to 1980
TOPIC 8.5 Culture after 1945
TOPIC 8.6 Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s)
TOPIC 8.7 America as a World Power

This video will help with the following U.S. History years: 1950-1960 Eisenhower and the 1950s.

Download the notes:

APUSH Redesign Period 8

Eisenhower New Look Policy

Eisenhower and the Suez Crisis

Vietnam

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Notes from the video to copy into your notes :)

APUSH Ch. 36 (1950s Society)

Eisenhower
Republican Dwight Eisenhower was a moderate Republican elected in 1952
Hardcore anticommunist Richard Nixon was his VP
His political moderate stance can be seen in his acceptance of many of the New Deal programs
Largest public works project adopted: Interstate Highway Act (1956)
Provided for the building of 42k miles of interstate highways
Justified as necessary for national defense
Impact: created jobs, growth of suburbs, more homogenous culture

1950s Society and Economics
Economic prosperity of the decade
Rise of the American middle class
1st time in history white collar workers outnumber blue collar
Post WW2: move to suburbs, Levittown, and baby boom
Credit cars introduced in the 1950s allow for increase in consumerism
Television becomes a common household item and contributed to homogeneity of American culture

Cultural Changes and Tensions
The rise of television led to questions regarding the nation's morals, politics, etc.
Television glamorized the suburban life, woman homemaker
Cult of domesticity celebrated and re-enforced thru TV
Feminine Mystique
Rock n Roll music and Elvis Presley
Marilyn Monroe, Playboy Magazine challenge sexual norms
“Beatniks” such as Jack Kerouac (“On The Road”) and Allen Ginsberg (“How!”) criticized the conformity of the decade.

Civil Rights Movement
Since reconstruction ended the issue of civil rights was slow to progress
Jim Crow laws throughout the South
De facto discrimination in the North
Seeds of Change
WW2: New civil rights organizations such as CORE and increase in NAACP membership
Truman desegregated military and introduces civil rights proposals
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal”
Plessy v Ferguson was ruled unconstitutional
Ruled that schools must be desegregated with “all deliberate speed”

Change Was Slow: Movement Continues
Southern Manifesto signed by 101 members of Congress condemned the Brown Supreme Court decision
Governor Orval Faubus used state's national guard to prevent black kids from going to high school
Images of southern defiance pressured Eisenhower to send federal troops to escort the Little Rock 9
President has a constitutional duty to uphold federal authority
In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks arrest in 1955 spiked bus boycott
Martin Luther King Jr. rises to prominence as the leader of the nonviolent movement
The Bus Boycott will inspire other civil rights protests across the country

Civil Rights Movement Grows: Grass Roots Movement
SCLC rooted in the black churches plays a key role in the civil rights movement
In 1960 Greensboro, NC college students start the “sit in” movement after being denied service at a segregated lunch counter at Woolworths
SNCC formed to help coordinate and organize the movement
Various grassroots movements pressured for civil rights well into the 1960s.

Cold War Continues
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles talks about brinkmanship
Defeat communism, roll back communism gains
New Look policy: buildup of nuclear weapons to deter communist aggression “more bang for the buck”
Threat of massive retaliation kept the two superpowers from fighting one another directly
However, more rhetoric than reality
In 1953 Eisenhower helped end the Korean War with an armistice. Divided at 38th parallel
During the Hungarian Revolution (1956) Eisenhower does not have the US come to the aid of the anti Soviet rebellion
Without outside support, the Hungarian Revolution is crushed by the Soviet Union
Ike does not want a potential war in Europe
The Cold War
Stalin dies in 1953
Ike calls for a relaxation of tensions and a reduction in the arms race
“Atoms for Peace” plan proposed
1955 Eisenhower met with Soviet Leaders at Geneva
“Spirit of Geneva”
1st Thaw of the Cold War
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in a speech talked about “peaceful coexistence” with the US
Hungarian Revolution crushed
In 1957 the Soviet Union shocks the US when they launched the first satellite Sputnik
Fear we were technologically behind the Soviet Union
National Defense of Education Act passed in 1958 to provide federal money to improve education
NASA created in 1958 to help develop technology such as missiles and space exploration
“Space Race”
U-2 Spy Plane was shot down by the Soviet Union (1960)

Decolonization
After WW2 the collapse of colonial empires “decolonization” lead to both the US and Soviet Union competing for influence in Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East

Cold War: Middle East
Under Eisenhower the Cold War expands into the Middle East: fear of Soviet expansion
Eisenhower used the CIA to undermine communist governments or to install pro US regimes (Iran/Guatemala)
1953 CIA helps overthrow the elected Iranian govt. (Operation Ajax) when it attempts to nationalize foreign oil companies
Shah of Iran comes to power
Brutal dictator, but good oil prices and pro US
During the Suez Crisis President Nasser of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal that was controlled by France/England
England, France, and Israel attack Egypt
Eisenhower Doctrine: US promises economic and military aid to any country in the Middle East threatened by communism
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed in 1960

Cold War: Latin America
Guatemala (1954): The CIA helps overthrow the democratically elected leftist govt
Brutal dictator comes to power
Cuba (1959): Fidel Castro leads a revolution which removes Cuban dictator Batista from power
Castro nationalized American owned businesses
Eisenhower ordered an embargo on Cuba
Cuba moves close to the Soviet Union
Eisenhower administration initiates plan to have the CIA train Cuban exiles

Ike Leaves
In his Farewell Address Eisenhower warned about the “military industrial complex”
The US was spending too much money on the arms race and it would have a negative impact on US society

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TDMont

Hey just so anyone is wondering, the picture he puts up in 2:20 is a little confusing. Blue collar workers are laborers and white-collar workers are the service/office workers; the picture shows otherwise.

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