Packed bed and fluidised bed bioreactor

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A bioreactor may refer to any manufactured or engineered device or system that supports a biologically active environment.[1] In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic. These bioreactors are commonly cylindrical, ranging in size from litres to cubic metres, and are often made of stainless steel.

A bioreactor may also refer to a device or system meant to grow cells or tissues in the context of cell culture. These devices are being developed for use in tissue engineering or biochemical engineering.

On the basis of mode of operation, a bioreactor may be classified as batch, fed batch or continuous (e.g. a continuous stirred-tank reactor model). An example of a continuous bioreactor is the chemostat.

Organisms growing in bioreactors may be suspended or immobilized. Immobilization is a general term describing a wide variety of the cell or the particle attachment or entrapment.[2] It can be applied to basically all types of biocatalysts including enzymes, cellular organelles, animal and plant cells.[3]

Large scale immobilized cell bioreactors are:

moving media, also known as Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
packed bed
fibrous bed
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