Types of Cognitive bias in research

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Cognitive bias is an umbrella term used to describe our systematic but flawed patterns of responses to judgment- and decision-related problems.

Anchoring bias is people’s tendency to fixate on the first piece of information they receive, especially when it concerns numbers.

Framing effect refers to our tendency to make decisions based on how the information about the decision is presented to us. In other words, our response depends on whether the option is presented in a negative or positive light, e.g., gain or loss, reward or punishment, etc. This means that the same information can be more or less attractive depending on the wording or what features are highlighted.

Actor–observer bias occurs when you attribute the behavior of others to internal factors, like skill or personality, but attribute your own behavior to external or situational factors.

Availability heuristic (or availability bias) describes the tendency to evaluate a topic using the information we can quickly recall to our mind, i.e., that is available to us.

Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information in a way that supports our existing beliefs while also rejecting any information that contradicts those beliefs.

The halo effect refers to situations whereby our general impression about a person, a brand, or a product is shaped by a single trait. It happens, for instance, when we automatically make positive assumptions about people based on something positive we notice, while in reality, we know little about them.

The Baader-Meinhof phenomenon (or frequency illusion) occurs when something that you recently learned seems to appear “everywhere” soon after it was first brought to your attention. However, this is not the case. What has increased is your awareness of something, such as a new word or an old song you never knew existed, not their frequency.

The Dunning-Kruger effect, is the tendency for an individual with limited knowledge or competence in a given field to overestimate their own skills in that field.

Hindsight bias is the tendency to interpret past events as more predictable than they actually were.

Bandwagon effect is the tendency to adopt certain behaviors or opinions simply because others are doing so.

Bias blind spot. The tendency for the brain to recognize another's bias but not its own.