#Brain_Computer_Interface {1}-Brain Computer Interface Explained in 5 minutes

Elon Musk demonstrated a Neuralink link on pigs, showing a coin-sized device without wires. Musk said the Neuralink can help fight blindness, memory loss, insomnia, and other medical conditions. Let us explore together the world of brain computer interface.
Imagine moving a mechanical arm by just thinking about it. Or playing a video game using only your mind. Although it may seem like science fiction, scientists and engineers have been developing this technology for decades.
The field of brain-computer interfaces relies on the ability of the brain to be able to generate certain types of responses that can then be harnessed by computers, to be
able to be interpreted by computers. Scientists are developing safe, non-invasive devices that can connect to the brain to accomplish things like controlling a prosthetic arm or sending commands to a computer.
When we are looking at the development of this whole field of brain-computer interfaces is to think of it in terms of studying how the brain controls the body. It could be telling the legs to jump in the air, or activating glands to produce sweat, the body's actions and
functions are controlled by neurons. They communicate information to and from the brain and the rest of the nervous system using chemical and electrical signals. So neurons are sending these electrical pulses to each other and eventually to the muscles that are then controlling my body.
And as the brain controls muscles, researchers can use new technologies to tap into these signals to control machines. The understanding of how the brain controls movement led
to the development of devices and algorithms, which can be implemented on a computer that recognize these patterns in the activity of brain cells and then correspondingly move
an artificial device.
To demonstrate how this technology works, the scientists and their students use a brain computer interface that allows them to study nonverbal communication. First, the student is fitted with an electroencephalogram cap, which is a series of electrodes placed on the scalp to record brain signals. When a question appears on the monitor, the student answers "yes" or "no" by looking at one of the flashing lights, which are blinking at different frequencies. When the subject's eyes focus on one of the response lights, the frequency of that specific light is picked up by the visual cortex in the brain and measured by the electroencephalogram cap. 12 hertz represents a "yes" frequency, while a "no" is at a frequency of 13 hertz. The computer interprets this signal and moves the cursor in the direction of the response.
Using an electroencephalogram cap is not the only way to measure brain activity. Some brain computer interfaces use a method called electrocorticography. It also records brain activity but unlike the electroencephalogram cap, it is surgically placed directly on the surface of the brain, providing a clearer signal and more precise information.
For example, patients can imagine moving their hand. Then, scientists use a computer to extract the patterns that correspond to imagined movement of the hand compared to, for example, not imagining and just resting. From there, the computer can distinguish the two types of brain activity: imagining movement and not imagining movement, then use that information to enable hand control by mental activity.
Given the right kinds of information and the right kinds of devices that are useful for the animal or for the human, the brain can start to adapt. With practice, the brain can learn to do something it is never done before, like control a prosthetic, which it is not familiar with.
But the key is to understand how these neural networks communicate between the brain and the body. So, if we are able to understand the brain better, then we will be also able to build better brain-computer interfaces, because they can use those signals that are responsible for different kinds of movements.
Now, let us move from the labs to the factory, and from science to business.

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