Natural experiment | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:


00:00:22 1 History
00:00:44 2 Recent examples
00:00:55 2.1 Family size
00:01:17 2.2 Game shows
00:01:39 2.3 Smoking ban
00:02:01 2.4 Nuclear weapons testing
00:02:23 2.5 Vietnam War draft
00:02:45 2.6 Industrial melanism
00:03:08 3 See also



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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates


SUMMARY
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A natural experiment is an empirical study in which individuals (or clusters of individuals) are exposed to the experimental and control conditions that are determined by nature or by other factors outside the control of the investigators. The process governing the exposures arguably resembles random assignment. Thus, natural experiments are observational studies and are not controlled in the traditional sense of a randomized experiment. Natural experiments are most useful when there has been a clearly defined exposure involving a well defined subpopulation (and the absence of exposure in a similar subpopulation) such that changes in outcomes may be plausibly attributed to the exposure. In this sense, the difference between a natural experiment and a non-experimental observational study is that the former includes a comparison of conditions that pave the way for causal inference, but the latter does not.
Natural experiments are employed as study designs when controlled experimentation is extremely difficult to implement or unethical, such as in several research areas addressed by epidemiology (like evaluating the health impact of varying degrees of exposure to ionizing radiation in people living near Hiroshima at the time of the atomic blast) and economics (like estimating the economic return on amount of schooling in US adults).