Coronavirus Vaccines - An Introduction

Leading COVID-19 vaccine candidates rely on new technologies that have fast-tracked development and testing. Vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna have completed early phase 3 clinical trials and are reportedly under review at the US FDA for emergency use authorization (EUA) although safety surveillance continues. This video explains the principles underlying the leading DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), and viral vector vaccine candidates, and how they might induce immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

0:00 Introduction
1:21 Traditional vaccines
2:00 COVID-19 vaccine types in development
2:18 Making vaccines from a genetic sequence
2:45 Target antigen: the S protein
3:32 Genetic vaccines (DNA and mRNA)
4:18 Moderna/NIH and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines
4:52 Viral vector vaccines
5:42 Adenovirus vectors (University of Oxford/AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen Pharmaceuticals)
6:32 rVSV vector vaccine (Merck/IAVI)
7:15 Previous experience with next generation vaccines
7:50 Importance of Phase 3 Trials

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[JAMANetwork]

0:00 Introduction
1:21 Traditional vaccines
2:00 COVID-19 vaccine types in development
2:18 Making vaccines from a genetic sequence
2:45 Target antigen: the S protein
3:32 Genetic vaccines (DNA and mRNA)
4:18 Moderna/NIH and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines
4:52 Viral vector vaccines
5:42 Adenovirus vectors (University of Oxford/AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen Pharmaceuticals)
6:32 rVSV vector vaccine (Merck/IAVI)
7:15 Previous experience with next generation vaccines
7:50 Importance of Phase 3 Trials

[leonidv]

who else is tired of politicizing vaccines

[rhwinner]

I am working on my own vaccine which includes mayonnaise, onions and gypsum weed, to name just a few substances. I will publish my results at the appropriate time.

[EricSmith]

When I think of the things that make me trust scientific work, speed isn't on the list.

[mmaravii]

What happen to the chinese scientist in us who made a discovery in curing the virus and was killed before speaking on it???

[pamsam]

Politicians and the scientists should be the 1st test group. Then after proper amount of time, the 2nd group should be the investors and developers.

[dinnerthemankid]

I wish 2021 will be different than 2020

[JFD]

Yeahh nah. I'll let the first few folks take it and watch their bodies react to it first.

[saltyjo]

In summary all the vaccines for covid were developed super fast and use novel never-approved before methods. Can’t blame some people if they refuse.

[leonjrich]

There are a lot of “we hope, “it should” “never been tested” “this new”. But yet they want to rush it out to everyone.

[AT-fidj]

I get that these vaccines are going to be approved for EUA....I want to hear about side effects and negative consequences

[jadabell]

I dont like how she keeps emphasizing the word “hopefully”

[frankfjm]

Those sequences look like when my cat jumps on my keyboard.

[elizabethdiaz]

I hope my grandchildren, don't talk to me about this. Cuz all I did was stay in bed ✌

[denniswagner]

My question is why haven’t we come up with an effective flu or common cold vaccine??? With COVID being so new and not much is known about it how are researchers able to come up with a vaccine so quick. I used to get the flu vaccine but would end up getting the flu anyways and doctors would always say you have a different strain of flu than what you were vaccinated for. What is strange to me is we’ve had a spike in cases recently but we literally have to wear a mask and social distance everywhere we go. Makes the mind wonder...

[swbusby]

It is concerning that we are relying on vaccine technologies which have never been used before.

[KR-kdwg]

Two things not discussed... Do these new vaccines prevent the spread of virus? How long does the immunity last?

[alanross]

Q: if someone is vaccinated why do they have to worry about someone who isn’t?

[kimx]

just imagine this video playing in a history class in 30 years

[SS-kofo]

"we're on an accelerating course that I've never seen before" "based on next-generation technologies"

I question how well this will turn out. I would imagine you'd want to take even longer with technology that has limited research and actual use.